HREQ1800 Exam Questions

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New York University *

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Anthropology

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Jan 9, 2024

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1. Discuss the significance of colonialism within the context of childhood - 500 years of colonization of the Americas has resulted in the decimation of aboriginal institutions and social organizations, especially families - Colonization is an economic process, but it also involves the implementation of social policies aimed at manipulating aboriginal communities for the benefit of colonial goals - Residential Schools - Children were forcibly removed from their families and communities into institutions aimed at civilizing them into European ways - IMPACT: residential schools have contributed to historical trauma and the effects are still found today - Aboriginal children are born into a colonial legacy that results in low socioeconomic status, intergenerational trauma due to residential schools, loss of language and culture, and high levels of discrimination THESE ARE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH - Colonialism within the context of childhood - The social determinants of health that have been caused due to the colonial legacy imposed on Aboriginal children have had profound impacts on their health and upbringing. Many Aboriginal children cannot access food due to poverty and living in remote areas, making the cost of food very high aka food insecurity rates are high for Aboriginal communities - Aboriginal children experienced higher rates of infant mortality, sudden infant death syndrome, tuberculosis, asthma and bronchitis, childhood obesity and diabetes, and experienced lower rates of immunization - ^ all of these factors are linked to the social determinants of health and colonialism is the driving factor - In terms of education, Aboriginal children are more likely to experience language problems and have poor school performance than other children in Canada. Because of past experiences, Aboriginal children have struggled with sharing their experiences in the classroom. - “The removal of Indigenous children from their families was an integral part of the settler colonialism and of the formation of the Canadian settler-state” (Albanese, 2020, p.153). - “...colonial goals, including resource extraction and the settlement of European migrants, were served by the implementation of the Indian Act- federal legislation that regulated almost every aspect of Indigenous life” (Albanese, 2020, p.153). - IN CONCLUSION: colonialism has had a negative impact on children, relating to the social determinants of health. 2. Critically discuss the implications of the shift from a ‘needs-based discourse’ to a ‘rights-based discourse’ for children in Canada. 3. Evaluate and discuss connections between media and the commodification of childhood - Throughout history, children have gained power over spending profoundly, aging back to 20 years ago, when kids aged 4 to 12 possessed a spending power of $1.1 billion. - Moreover, tweens aged 9 to 14, their spending power increased yearly by approximately $100 million.

- Since marketing and other companies have these analytics, they use this to their advantage and use the childrens purchasing power to get through to the kids - Over the past few years, marketing agencies have made children the focal point of all marketing activities - They are doing this by gathering all the information they can on childrens wants and entertainment choices, and using these details to influence their purchase decisions. - Many people have referred to this phenomenon as kidfluence, which describes “the power children have over parental, household, and adult purchases” (Albanese, 109). - This strong connection between media and the commodification of childhood has altered the way children play, how they think about themselves and others, and how they utilize language 4. What are the determinants of child poverty in Canada? Identify potential solution(s) you would propose CHAPTER 10 “In most Canadian provinces, increases in poverty rates are the result of economic downturns and fluctuations that negatively affected the manufacturing and resource extraction sectors of provincial economies” (Albanese, 2020, p.181). - Can expand how this has resulted in many people losing their jobs = poverty “The low earnings and job insecurity in these employment sectors make it difficult to break the cycle of poverty, which has negative repercussions for children living in these families” (Albanese, 2020, p.181). - This quote can expand on an earlier idea of the types of jobs that parents have which lead to poverty. Many people working in the service industry have low wages and little to no benefits. This inadequate income leads to poverty. Determinants of child poverty in Canada: - Caregivers relationships to the Canadian Labour Force - High cost of housing and living - Parents earn low wages or work at nonstandard jobs - Education; some people have parents that do not have the credentials that are recognized in Canada, leaving them to face high levels of unemployment or underemployment Potential Solutions - Create a minimum wage for all citizens, despite their employment status - Offer parents with children substantial financial support that will aid in covering the costs that children may have - Create more accessible and affordable childcare - Adopt the social framework that assumes that children are essential to society and have the responsibility for parents and children - Ensure an adequate and consistent living standard for all children and families “While there are challenges and limitations to being a federation with a decentralized provincial governance structure, steps need to be taken towards building a social democratic

approach to social policy (away from our current liberal welfare model)” (Albanese, 2020, p.185-186). - Real change can only come if there are commitments from national, provincial, and local levels to do things differently. Funding and providing extra supports to families is a good short-term solution, however, to sustain their impact and reduce poverty, policies need to be changed. - Can also talk about what Quebec has done and its impact (on page 186) 5. According to Albanese, a “child’s vulnerability to abuse is increased by dislocation, colonization, racism, sexism, homophobia, poverty and social isolation”. Critically examine this statement - Children that deal with differing factors based on their living conditions and parents are at a higher risk of abuse - As we have seen in history, children that have been sent to institutions, including children who struggle with disabilities, children part of racialized minority groups, and children living in poverty have always been at increased risk of abuse (Albanese, 217). - There are many influences that children live through that increases their vulnerability, such as being born and raised during a traumatic period in a parent’s life, or being born with health needs, such as a disability. - Location, or dislocation when analyzing a child’s vulnerability to abuse is definitely a highlighted aspect, as a child’s living conditions and how they are existing is a main factor on weather or not they are abused, sexually or physically - It has been proven that children who grow up in communities where inequality, unemployment, and poverty are intensive, are at an increased risk (Albanese, 217). - Compared to children who grow up in a healthy home with two parents, who are not at an increased risk of abuse. - Sexual assaunt also comes into play here for similar reasons, because children who have special needs are at an increased risk, compared to their peers - Children dealing with delays in motor skills, cognitive development, and language skills are at a higher risk of sexual assault because these delays may prevent them from reporting their assaukt, and possessing these skills often leads to children being isolates and vulnerable - A number of studies has proven these facts to be true, and one statistic showed that the most common offender of sexual abuse agaisnt children with disabilites is the caregivers, which is not shocking considering the facts stated above.

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HREQ1800 Exam Questions

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