Population Growth and Agricultural Advances Post-Industrial Revolution

19 questions were answered correctly . 3 questions were answered incorrectly . 1 Identify the common factor that led to population growth and improvements to agricultural practices as a result of the Industrial Revolution and the Green Revolution.  Availability of clean water  Advances in medicine  Improved methods of food production  Mechanization of farming RATIONALE Improvements in food production were a large factor that contributed to human population growth and agricultural improvements as a result of the Industrial and Green Revolutions. During this time, advances in medicine, availability of clean water, and mechanization of farming also contributed to either improvements in agricultural practices or population growth, but not to both or to the same extent as improvements in food production. CONCEPT Human Arrival and Expansion Report an issue with this question 2 “Humans are intelligent and at the top of the food chain; therefore, they are entitled to make decisions about the environment.” This statement reflects which of the following environmental ethical positions?  Anthropocentric  Ethnocentric  Biocentric

 Geocentric RATIONALE This represents an anthropocentric position, because it demonstrates concern with actions to improve the state of the environment for the well-being of humans. A biocentric position would be concerned with actions to improve the state of the environment for the well-being of all living things. A geocentric position is an astronomical belief that Earth is the center of the universe. An ethnocentric position is not related to environmental science, but it evaluates other cultures based on the standards and customs of one’s own culture. CONCEPT Ethics and Stewardship Report an issue with this question 3 Which of the following is a sustainability issue, as identified by the Brundtland Report?  Global hunger  Safe drinking water  Economics  Transportation RATIONALE The Brundtland Report covered six key topics: overpopulation, hunger and food security, loss of species and biodiversity, energy supply and demand, industry pollution, land development, and resource use. However, transportation, economic, and safe drinking water were not covered in the Brundtland Report. CONCEPT Sustainability Report an issue with this question

4 Pollination is an example of a __________ service.  supporting  provisioning  regulating  cultural RATIONALE Regulating services include climate regulation, water purification, and pollination. Provisioning services include food, fiber, and fuels. Cultural services include tourism, educational use, and aesthetic value. Supporting services include topsoil formation, nutrient cycling, and photosynthesis. CONCEPT Biodiversity Report an issue with this question 5 Plant and animal life faced some challenges when moving from water to land. What was a challenge faced during early life transitions?  Gravity was experienced for the first time.  It was more difficult to move on land.  Finding an adequate food supply was hard.  There was too much ozone protection on land. RATIONALE

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It was more difficult for animals to move on land as they had to contend with the effects of gravity, which are increased on land compared to those in the water. However, plants and animals on land had already experienced gravity in water. As more terrestrial plants evolved, they provided a food source for animals on land to consume. Additionally, during this time, there wasn’t sufficient ozone protection on land; in fact, radiation from the Sun led to mutations that killed organisms because of the lack of ozone protection. CONCEPT Early Life Report an issue with this question 6 Which statement about the major impacts of overpopulation is NOT true?  Unchecked population growth will cause migration to cities and the destruction of infrastructure such as dams and bridges.  Population growth will increase air and water pollution, while also contributing to the loss of ecosystems.  Overpopulation will lead to further deforestation, and the loss of trees will lead to less oxygen in the atmosphere.  An increase in population will hasten the depletion of nonrenewable natural resources and the loss of species. RATIONALE The impacts of population growth fall into three categories: energy, land, and water. Population growth has led to a need for more energy, resulting in the depletion of nonrenewable resources; greater land use, resulting in deforestation, loss of species, and reduced atmospheric oxygen; and increased water use, resulting in water pollution. There is no evidence that population growth will directly lead to infrastructure collapse. CONCEPT

The Impact of Population Growth Report an issue with this question 7 Which of the following is likely to have led to the greatest number of mass extinctions?  Massive flooding  Glacial melt  Asteroids  Earthquakes RATIONALE Asteroids are believed to have played a role in many major mass extinction events, including the Late Devonian extinction, the Permian- Triassic extinction, and the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Glacial melt, earthquakes, and massive floods have also contributed to deaths but not to the same extent as asteroids. CONCEPT Continental Drift and Major Extinctions Report an issue with this question 8 Which of the following correctly defines an ecosystem?  The dependence of species upon one another  The variety of life existing in a specific region  The practice of using resources without depleting them for future societies  A biological community of living and nonliving organisms and their environment RATIONALE

An ecosystem is defined as the living and nonliving components that interact in a given area. The relationship between humans and nature in which resources are not depleted is sustainability. The dependence of species on one another is symbiosis. The variety of life existing in a specific region is biodiversity. CONCEPT Biodiversity Sustainability Report an issue with this question 9 Correctly identify the event, agent, or process that is responsible for the current atmosphere on Earth of 20% oxygen.  The water cycle  Ozone layer formation  Volcanic activity  Photosynthesis RATIONALE Starting around 3.8 billion years ago, some life-forms on Earth developed the ability to photosynthesize, which began the production of oxygen. Oxygen then saturated Earth’s oceans and atmosphere until it reached a concentration of 20%. During this time, Earth was a planet filled with intense volcanic activity, but this did not contribute to oxygen levels, and while there was water in the atmosphere, the water cycle as we know it did not yet exist. It would also be several million years before the formation of the ozone layer. CONCEPT Earth's Formation Report an issue with this question 10

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Which of the following statements about Aldo Leopold and his contributions to environmental awareness is true?  His book On Human Nature bridged the gap between biological and social sciences.  He believed humans were ethically obligated to protect the environment as a whole because humans and nature rely on one another.  He was a human-centered environmentalist who believed we should protect the environment because it has many uses for humans.  His book discussed the negative impacts of overpopulation, including food shortages, diseases, wars, and irreversible environmental damage. RATIONALE Aldo Leopold wrote about humans’ ethical obligations toward the environment in A Sand County Almanac . E. O. Wilson’s book On Human Nature bridged the gap between biological and social sciences. Paul Ehrlich wrote about the negative impacts of overpopulation, including food shortages, diseases, wars, and irreversible environmental damage in The Population Bomb . Gifford Pinchot was the first chief of the U.S. Forest System and advocated environmentally sustainable forest management for human use. CONCEPT Environmentalism Report an issue with this question 11 Lillian noticed that the flowers on the east side of her home were larger and bloomed more than the flowers in the backyard. She wondered how the amount of sunlight affected their growth. She believed that if she moved her flower garden to the side of her home, the flowers grown there would be healthier and more bountiful, thereby increasing the chances that her garden would be chosen to be included in the Garden Club’s walking tour this year. Lillian spent an entire weekend digging up and replanting her flowers. According to the steps of the scientific method, what did Lillian fail to do?

 Arrive at a hypothesis  Reach a conclusion  Test the hypothesis  Formulate a question RATIONALE In this example, Lillian failed to reach a conclusion regarding the effects of sunlight on the growth of her flowers. She formulated a question (“How does the amount of sunlight affect flower growth?”), arrived at a hypothesis (“Sunnier areas produce bigger flowers”), and tested her hypothesis (“Replanting the flowers at the side of the house”). CONCEPT Science and the Scientific Process Report an issue with this question 12 Which of the following statements about continental drift is true?  After the continents were separated, continental drift slowed, until it has become almost nonexistent today.  All of the continents were once one big supercontinent, but their separation created more coastline, which was beneficial for biodiversity.  Because of continental drift, the majority of most continents’ landmass remains underwater, which has severely limited biodiversity.  About 100 million years ago, all of the continents were one giant landmass called Pangaea. RATIONALE Between 225 and 275 million years ago, all of the continents were combined into one supercontinent called Pangaea. Continental drift lead to the breakup of Pangaea and the separation of the continents,

which created a greater shoreline area and increased overall biodiversity. Tectonic plates are in constant movement, so continental drift is still occurring. CONCEPT Continental Drift and Major Extinctions Report an issue with this question 13 Which of the following statements is true about projected population growth?  The consequences of overpopulation (i.e., hunger and disease) are inevitable for humans in the future.  If population growth continues, the population in 2030 will be 20 billion.  People in overpopulated regions will migrate in large numbers, causing environmental destruction as they travel.  If growth slows dramatically, Earth’s population in 2050 will be 7.4 billion. RATIONALE According to UN projections, in 2050, the worldwide human population will be 7.4 billion people if we radically slow population growth. While migration from overpopulated areas can happen, it does not necessarily involve environmental destruction. Also, there is no evidence to suggest that the population will be 20 million in 2030 or that overpopulation and its consequences are inevitable. CONCEPT The Impact of Population Growth Report an issue with this question 14 Which statement reflects an environmentalist stance?  Corals demonstrate the partnership of symbiosis, in which both plants and animals benefit.

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 Overfishing and land-based pollution have damaged 20% of the ocean’s coral reefs.  Approximately 30 million people around the world are dependent on reefs, and they have a duty to protect them.  Reefs are important nesting grounds for a variety of aquatic life. RATIONALE This statement is most likely to have been made by an environmentalist because environmentalism concerns the subjective ethics of how humans impact, or are impacted by, the natural world, while environmental science remains objective. The other statements are objective and are therefore more likely to have been made by environmental scientists. CONCEPT Environmentalism Report an issue with this question 15 Which of the following describes an effect of an environmental issue experienced at the global level?  Waterways polluted by soil in runoff  The cutting of trees for their lumber  Drought and rainfall patterns across continents  Displacement of an indigenous people RATIONALE Weather patterns across continents represent the effects felt at the global level, because it affects all continents and is connected to global climate change. The cutting of trees for lumber, polluted waterways, and the displacement of an indigenous people are all examples of the effects felt at the local level.

CONCEPT Scale, Time, and Degree of Impact Report an issue with this question 16 Of the four graphs below, select the one that is misleading.     RATIONALE This graph could be misleading because it uses a confusing design, making the percentages appear larger than they would be if “Overcast” were depicted properly. The other graphs do not have this issue and do not have any other characteristics that could be considered misleading to viewers.

CONCEPT Graphs in Environmental Science Report an issue with this question 17 Select the month the solar system was created from the options below based on the 1-year calendar model according to the Big Bang theory.  August  September  December  January RATIONALE If all of history were compressed into a single year, the solar system would have been created in August, or 4.5 billion years ago. According to this model, the Big Bang would have happened in January, life would have appeared on Earth in September, and human life would have emerged in December. CONCEPT Earth's Formation Report an issue with this question 18 “I have spoken out against expanding mining in these mountains, but my position can change if I see a plan that, within the larger scope of lowering energy costs, advocates for responsible mining.” The most likely source of this quotation is __________.  a scientific journal, because the statement has been edited and reviewed by peers  an environmental scientist, because they are using scientific or technical language  a politician, because it’s a general statement influenced by an agenda and public opinion

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 a member of the media, because it’s an objective statement about a controversial subject RATIONALE A politician is the most likely source of this quotation because politicians’ scientific stances are often influenced by their own agenda or opinion as well as that of the public. The lack of scientific language or objectivity lets you know that this statement is unlikely to be from a scientist, a scientific journal, or a member of the media. CONCEPT Scientific Literacy Report an issue with this question 19 Match the graph image with its type and common use.  A scatterplot that is used to show the relationship between two characteristics  A pie chart that is used to show groups within a group  A bar graph that is used to show the differences in characteristics across groups  A flow diagram that is used to show a process, sequence, or flow RATIONALE

Because this graph has x - and y -axes with data depicted using vertical or horizontal bars, you can tell that it is a bar graph. Scatterplots have their data depicted using individual dots for each data point, pie charts have no axes but use a circle with labeled subdivisions, and flow diagrams use arrows to show the direction of the process or flow. CONCEPT Graphic Literacy Report an issue with this question 20 Which of the following is the best example of how scientists can apply environmental science?  To manage natural resources and address environmental issues  To understand how environmental laws will impact decisions and processes  To gain knowledge and advocate for desirable actions  To try to understand the processes and systems that lead to environmental issues RATIONALE Scientists can apply environmental science by conducting experiments and analyzing data, such as the scientific processes that lead to environmental issues. Understanding how environmental laws will impact decisions would be an environmental application for a government agency, as would managing natural resources and addressing environmental issues, while gaining knowledge and advocating for desirable actions would be an application for an individual or the public. CONCEPT Applying Environmental Science Report an issue with this question 21 Which element is abiotic?

 Oysters  Sand  Seaweed  Bacteria RATIONALE Abiotic elements and environments are those that are nonliving. Sand is nonliving and is considered abiotic. Seaweed, bacteria, and oysters are living and are considered biotic. CONCEPT Environmental Science Report an issue with this question 22 Which of the following is true about world population growth?  The global population was relatively low before 1350, and then it began to increase by a billion every 10 years.  The world population held steady for a few thousand years before it fell sharply because of plague and famine.  There were 2 billion people on the planet in 1927, 3 billion 20 years later, and 4 billion a mere 10 years after that.  The world population was less than 200 million for most of history; it was 1 billion in 1800, 3 billion in 1959, and 7 billion in 2012. RATIONALE In 1800, the human population reached 1 billion for the first time before continuing to rise. By 1959, it had reached 3 billion, and by 2012 it had reached 7 billion. Before the Black Death, the global population stayed low but continued to rise, dipping slightly during the plague, and then rising faster once the disease receded around 1350, but not at a rate of 1 billion every

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10 years. While there were 2 billion people in 1927, it took until 1960 to reach 3 billion and 1974 to reach 4 billion. CONCEPT Human Arrival and Expansion

sci 201 practice milestone 1

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