Mini Assignment 7 Vertebrae

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Texas A&M University *

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Anthropology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Vertebral Column Mini-Assignment In lab this week, you will examine the vertebral column. In preparation, please review page 341 in your text book and consider the questions below. The lab will also ask you to determine the age of the excavation site, so please also review Chapter 3 in your textbook about geologic time and the mini-assignment from Week 2. Examine the five examples of dorsal vertebrae below and then answer the questions: A. Figure 8: MSNVE 3714, dorsal vertebrae of Ouranosaurus nigeriensis (Ornithopod) Dorsal vertebra 1 in right lateral (A), caudal (B), and ventral view (C); dorsal vertebra 9 in left lateral (D), cranial (E), and ventral view (F) views; dorsal vertebra 17 in left lateral (G), caudal (H) and ventral (I) views. Abbreviations: bpl, ‘bump’ of the prespinal lamina; kl, keel; par, parapophysis. Scale bars equal 10 cm. (Full publication: https://peerj.com/articles/3403/ ) B. Figure 5. Dahalokely tokana holotype (UA 9855), ?second dorsal (D?2) vertebra. (Theropod) Photographs in A, cranial; B, caudal; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, left lateral; and F, right lateral views. Abbreviations: cacdl, caudal centrodiapophyseal lamina; cpol, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; crcdl, cranial centrodiapophyseal lamina; idfs, infradiapophyseal fossa; ipofs, infrapostzygapophyseal fossa; iprfs, infraprezygapophyseal fossa; lpfr, laminopeduncular foramen; lpfs, laminopeduncular fossa; pfr, pneumatic foramen; posf, postspinal fossa; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; prsf, prespinal fossa. (Full publication: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062047 ) C. Images and video of Stegosaurus skeleton (Thyreophoran) Fig 19. Dorsal vertebra two., same Stegosaurus skeleton as above. A , anterior, B , posterior, C , left lateral, D , right lateral, E , ventral and F , dorsal view. Dia , diapophysis; foss , fossa; ipzs , intraprezygapophyseal shelf; mr , midline ridge; nc , neural canal; not , notch; ns , neural spine; para , parapophysis; pcdl , posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; plat , platform; podl , postzygodiapophyseal lamina; pozyg , postzygapophysis; ppdl , paradiapophyseal lamina; prdl , prezygodiapophyseal lamina; przyg , prezygapophysis; ri , ridge; vs , vertical sheet. Scale bar equal to 5 cm. (Full publication: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138352 ) D. Figure 7: Amargasaurs cazul . Dorsal vertebrae in anterior and lateral views. CN: Neural canal, D: diapophysis, PP: parapophysis, PRZ: prezygapophysis, PTZ: postzygapophysis. (From Salgado, Leonardo, and José F. Bonaparte. "Un nuevo saurópodo Dicraeosauridae, Amargasurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov., de la Formación La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquén, Argentina." Ameghiniana 28 (1991): 333-346.) (Sauropod)

E. (Sereno et al., 1999 Science) (Sauropod) The terminology below may be helpful: https://svpow.com/200/10/02/tutorial-1-regions-of-the- vertebral-column/ 1. Compare the neural spins of the following specimens. In proportion to the centrum, which have the largest neural spines? Place the names in order from largest to smallest. (2 pts) Largest to smallest: Jobaria tiguidensis Amargasaurs cazul Dahalokely tokana holotype Ouranosaurus nigeriensis Stegosaurus 2. Pose a hypothesis for the function of the long neural spines. (2 pts) Long neural spines in dinosaurs could have served multiple functions. One hypothesis is that they aided in balance and locomotion. They could have provided support for larger muscles and served as an attachment site for muscles and ligaments. This would allow for the organism to maintain posture and have control of locomotive movements.

3. Which of the features below are present on ALL of the vertebrae depicted in the images above? (Take care to observe the image and not just what is and is not labeled.) (2 pts) Centrum Neural Canal Neural Spine Neural Arch Prezygapophysis Postzygapophysis Diapophysis After examining all the vertebrae depicted, I believe that the centrum, neural canal, neural, spine, neural arch, prezygapophysis, postzygapophysis, and diapophysis are present on all the vertebrae. 4. Choose TWO of the dinosaurs figured above. Compare and contrast the shape of the dorsal vertebrae depicted. Use at least 4 of the following terms: Centrum, Neural Canal, Neural Spine, Neural Arch, Prezygapophysis, Postzygapophysis, Diapophysis. (4 pts) Comparing the Stegosaurus and the Ouranosaurus nigeriensis have many similar attributes to the shape of the dorsal vertebrae. Both of these specimens have relatively long neural spines; however, the Stegosaurus’s neural spine is smaller. The neural arches of the specimens are rounded, and the neural canals are circular and round, not irregular. The postzygapophysis and the prezygapophysis structures have very different appearances. The Stegosaurus postzygapophysis and prezygapophysis are flat and small compared to the Ouranosaurus nigeriensis. The Ouranosaurus nigeriensis postzygapophysis and prezygapophysis extrude much farther and have a pointed shape. The diapophysis of the Stegosaurus is broad and somewhat flat, while the dispophysis of the Ouranosaurus nigeriensis is more cylindrical and round.

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Mini Assignment 7 Vertebrae

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