ABST1000 Final Essay 2.6.23

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Settling the Truth: Dissecting The Operation of Colonialism in Australia xx Macquarie University ABST1000 Introducing Indigenous Australia Word Count:1389

Q2. What is settler colonialism? Using specific examples discuss how settler colonialism operates in so-called Australia Settler colonialism has profoundly shaped Australian society and had a significant impact on Indigenous communities (Pascoe, 2018). According to Wolfe (2006), it is rooted in the 'logic of elimination' and involves the forceful displacement of Indigenous peoples to make way for settlers' economic, political, and cultural expansion. This process of settler colonialism involves forcefully displacing the Indigenous population and attempting to eradicate their cultures, languages, and traditions through violence. This essay will explore the dynamics of settler colonialism in Australia, focusing on racist origins, ongoing struggles faced by Indigenous communities, and motivations behind Indigenous activism. By doing so, it will emphasize the importance of recognizing and valuing Indigenous heritage and challenging colonial discourses. Settler colonialism, as a unique form of colonialism, requires an examination of race and racism in the Australian context. It aims to establish European settlers' permanent dominance in Australia economically, politically, and culturally (Wolfe, 2006). The effectiveness of this colonial project in an attempt to eradicate Indigenous culture and traditions is evident through state policies such as the stolen generation and assimilation (Moreton-Robinson, 2015). These policies have had a lasting impact on Indigenous communities, as shown by statistics indicating the erosion of Indigenous culture and traditions (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2020). Race categorization has been utilized to justify the displacement and exploitation of Indigenous people (Nakata, 2007). The racist belief of the "Doomed Race" emerged in the late 19th century, serving to legitimize the notion of Indigenous Australians being inferior and destined for extinction (McGregor, 1992). Policies like cultural genocide and assimilation further

perpetuated the idea of Indigenous inferiority and aimed to eliminate their culture and identity (Moreton-Robinson, 2015; Short, 2010). The policy of cultural genocide sought to eliminate Indigenous languages, customs, and practices, viewing them as obstacles to the process of assimilation into white society (Moreton-Robinson, 2015). By erasing Indigenous cultural expressions, settler colonial powers sought to assimilate Indigenous people into the dominant European culture, ultimately undermining their distinct identities and ways of life. The concept of pan-indigeneity, originally embraced by Indigenous Australians as a means to resist assimilation and protect their cultural heritage, has been co-opted by the Australian nation-state, leading to the perpetuation of power dynamics that reinforce white dominance and systemic oppression. (Paradies, 2006). This appropriation of pan-indigeneity has deep-rooted consequences, contributing to the marginalization of Indigenous communities and the reinforcement of racial stereotypes (Moreton-Robinson, 2015). By selectively choosing certain aspects of Indigenous culture while disregarding others, the nation-state reinforces simplified and limited views of Indigeneity (Nakata, 2007). This leads to the ongoing perpetuation of harmful stereotypes that confine Indigenous Australians to limited and unchanging portrayals, making it difficult for them to challenge and reshape how society perceives them. Understanding the complexity of gender and sexuality in Indigenous culture is crucial within the context of settler colonialism, as it intersects with race and influences power dynamics and social hierarchies (Morgensen, 2012). Indigenous communities' struggles in decolonization encompass challenging prevailing notions of gender and sexuality that stem from British colonialism and Christian ideology (Farrell, 2020). By recognizing and respecting the experiences of Indigenous Queer individuals, we actively contribute to anti-racist and

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anti-colonial efforts while dismantling simplistic portrayals of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men and women (Farrell, 2020). Consequently, a comprehensive approach to decolonization entails acknowledging the interconnectedness of race, gender, and settler colonialism in dismantling oppressive systems (Tuck & Yang, 2012; Morgensen, 2012; Glenn, 2015). The enduring impact of settler colonialism is evident in socio-economic and health disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians (Dingle, 2014). These disparities are reflected in indicators such as mortality rates, unemployment, and overall well-being (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2021, 2020; AIHW, 2018, 2020). Indigenous Australians experience elevated rates of psychological distress, mortality, and lower rates of homeownership, highlighting the lasting effects of settler colonialism on their communities (Kwaymullina, 2005). Despite the adversity they face, Indigenous Australians persist in their struggle for rights and the recognition of their cultures and traditions through Indigenous activism (Moreton-Robinson, 2015). Indigenous activism in Australia is multifaceted, driven not only by the urgent need for social change but also by deep-rooted social and cultural motivations. Indigenous activism encompasses collective efforts to advance Indigenous rights, challenge the effects of colonialism, and advocate for justice (Harris & Nakata, 2019). Motivated by social, cultural, and political concerns, Indigenous activism addresses various issues, with the persistent dispossession of land being a significant focus (Moreton-Robinson, 2015; Scott, 2017). The Aboriginal Tent Embassy, established in 1972, is a prominent example of politically motivated Indigenous activism in Australia (Harris & Nakata, 2019). Through protests against the Australian government's policies on Indigenous land rights and advocacy for Indigenous sovereignty, the Embassy achieved its political goals, garnering national attention and fostering

pan-Aboriginal identity (Cowan, 2001). The Embassy also played a pivotal role in the passing of the Aboriginal Land Right Act, which recognized Indigenous Australians' rights to land and facilitated its transfer to Indigenous ownership (Attwood, 2003, Watson, 2009). However, challenges for Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination persist despite the achievements of the Aboriginal Tent Embassy. The prevailing "cultural logic of possessive individualism" within Australian settler society, which prioritizes individual ownership and profit, continues to impede Indigenous rights and aspirations (Attwood, 2003; Harris & Nakata, 2019). Moreover, Disproportionate levels of health disparities, unemployment, poverty (with 30.2% of Indigenous Australians living below the poverty line), and incarceration (12.3 times more likely than non-Indigenous Australians) highlight the need for social change (ABS 2018, 2021). In response to these inequities, the "Close the Gap" campaign, initiated in 2006, aimed to eliminate the significant health and life expectancy gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians (AHRC, 1970). This comprehensive initiative sought to improve Indigenous health outcomes through the implementation of various programs, policies, and funding allocations. While this initiative resulted in several programs and policies to improve Indigenous health outcomes, disparities in life expectancy and chronic disease rates persist (AIHW, 2021; Paradies et al, 2016). Cultural motivations also drive Indigenous activism, as seen in the "Our Languages Matter" campaign in 2017. The campaign's advocacy efforts and public engagement have led to increased recognition of the importance of Indigenous languages and their role in cultural preservation. This recognition has translated into funding and support from the government for projects and programs aimed at documenting, revitalizing, and promoting Indigenous languages

(Ahmat, 2017). By advocating for the revitalization and preservation of Indigenous languages, activists recognize the critical role language plays in cultural continuity and reclaiming Indigenous identities. However, while Indigenous activism has made notable progress, persistent challenges remain in addressing the complex impacts of settler colonialism and supporting Indigenous rights and aspirations (DITRDC, 2021). Watson (2012) underscores the importance of Indigenous communities reclaiming their inherent rights and reconnecting with their past sovereignty. This perspective emphasizes the need for systemic changes that extend beyond superficial improvements, highlighting the significance of Indigenous self-determination. Fredericks (2013) further emphasizes the significance of maintaining and asserting Indigenous identities, even in urban settings. To effectively support Indigenous rights and aspirations, collective efforts are required to tackle multifaceted challenges. This involves implementing policies and initiatives that address socio-economic disparities, improve health outcomes, promote Indigenous land rights, and dismantle systemic racism and discrimination. By recognizing the value of Indigenous cultures and actively working towards meaningful change, society can strive for a more just and equitable future for all. In conclusion, settler colonialism has profoundly shaped Australian society and impacted Indigenous communities. It involves the forceful displacement of Indigenous peoples to establish European settlers' dominance economically, politically, and culturally. The racist origins of settler colonialism have perpetuated Indigenous inferiority and justified policies that aim to eradicate Indigenous cultures and traditions. The appropriation of pan-indigeneity reinforces white dominance and racial stereotypes. Gender and sexuality intersect with settler colonialism, further marginalizing Indigenous women and erasing their knowledge and roles. Socio-economic

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and health disparities persist, reflecting the enduring impact of settler colonialism on Indigenous communities. Indigenous activism plays a crucial role in advocating for Indigenous rights, challenging colonialism, and pursuing justice. Examples such as the Aboriginal Tent Embassy, the "Close the Gap" campaign, and the "Our Languages Matter" campaign demonstrate the motivations and achievements of Indigenous activism. However, ongoing efforts are necessary to address the continuing struggles faced by Indigenous communities and support their rights and aspirations. By recognizing and valuing Indigenous heritage, challenging colonial discourses, and taking meaningful action, progress can be made towards justice, equality, and reconciliation in Australia. References

Ahmat, N. (2017). NAIDOC week 2017: Cultural achievement and why our languages matter. National Indigenous Television . https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/naidoc-week-2017-cultural-achievement-and-why-ou r-languages-matter/bqtnxoj1f Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018). Deaths, Australia. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/deaths-australia/2018#:~:text=ABS.S tat%20datasets-,Key%20statistics,Torres%20Strait%20Islander%2C%20or%20both . Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2020). Labour Force, Australia. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-au stralia-detailed/latest-release Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021). Prisoners in Australia, 2020. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/crime-and-justice/prisoners-australia/latest-releas e Australian Human Rights Commision [AHRC]. (1970). Close the Gap: Indigenous Health Campaign. https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/pr ojects/close-gap-indigenous-health#:~:text=The%20Close%20the%20Gap%20Campaign ,Indigenous%20Australians%20within%20a%20generation . Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework 2017 report. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-health-welfare/health-performance-framewo rk-2017/contents/summary

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020). Indigenous health and wellbeing. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/indigenous-health-and-wellbeing Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020). Mortality over the century: Mortality trends and patterns in Australia and Indigenous peoples 1901–2018 . https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/mortality-over-the-century/contents/mo rtality-trends-and-patterns Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2021). Closing the Gap Report 2021. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/indigenous-australians/closing-the-gap-report-2021 Attwood, B. (2003). Possessing Australia: Property, race and rhetoric. Cambridge University Press. Cowan, J. (2001). White Out: How Politics is Killing Black Australia. Allen & Unwin. Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications [DITRDC]. (2021). Reconciliation Action Plan 2021–23. https://www.industry.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-05/reconciliation-action-plan-2021-2 3.pdf Dingle, A. (2014). Social determinants of Indigenous health. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.4 Farrell, A. (2020). Queer and Aboriginal in a regional setting: Identity and place. Archer . https://archermagazine.com.au/2020/06/queer-and-aboriginal-identity-and-place/ Fredericks, B. (2013). ‘We don’t leave our identities at the city limits’: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in urban localities. Australian Aboriginal Studies, 2013 (1), 4–16.

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Glenn, E. N. (2015). Settler colonialism as structure: A framework for comparative studies of U.S. race and gender formation. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, 1 (1), 52-72. Harris, M., & Nakata, M. (2019). The ‘Indigenous Turn’ in Australian social work research: A critical appraisal. International Social Work, 62 (2), 611-624. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872816685568 Kwaymullina, A. (2005). Seeing the light: Aboriginal law, learning and sustainable living in country. Indigenous Law Bulletin, 6 (12), 12-15. McGregor, R. (1992). A 'Doomed Race'? A Social and Economic History of Aboriginals in Western Australia, 1900-1940 . University of Western Australia Press. Moreton-Robinson, A. (2015). The white possessive: Property, power, and Indigenous sovereignty. University of Minnesota Press. https://doi.org/10.5749/j.ctt155jmpf Morgensen, S. L. (2012). Theorising Gender, Sexuality and Settler Colonialism: An Introduction. Settler Colonial Studies, 2 (2), 2–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2012.10648839 Nakata, M. (2007). Disciplining the savages: Savaging the disciplines. Aboriginal Studies Press. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.9780855755485 Paradies, Y. (2006). Defining, conceptualizing and characterizing racism in health research. Critical Public Health, 16 (2), 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581590600828874 Paradies, Y., Cunningham, J., & Anderson, I. (2016). The DRUID study: Exploring mediating pathways between racism and depressive symptoms among Indigenous Australians. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51 (10), 1457-1467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0332-x Pascoe, B. (2018). Dark emu: Aboriginal Australia and the birth of agriculture. Scribe Publications.

Scott, K. (2017). Aboriginal dreaming paths and trading routes: The colonisation of the Australian economic landscape. Australian Scholarly Publishing. Short, D. (2010). Dancing with strangers: Europeans and Australians at first contact. University of New South Wales Press. Tuck, E. & Yang, K. W. (2012) Decolonization is not a metaphor. Decolonisation: Indigeneity, Education and Society, 1 (1), 1-40 Watson, I. (2009). Sovereign spaces, caring for country, and the homeless position of Aboriginal peoples. The South Atlantic Quarterly, 108 (1), 27–51. Watson, I. (2012). The future is our past: we once were sovereign and we still are. Indigenous Law Bulletin, 8 (3), 12–15. Wolfe, P. (2006). Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native. Journal of Genocide Research, 8 (4), 387-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623520601056240

ABST1000 Final Essay 2.6.23

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