Unit 2 Test for Anthrolpology_

docx

School

University Of Georgia *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

MISC

Subject

Anthropology

Date

Dec 6, 2023

Type

docx

Pages

Uploaded by DeaconHippopotamusPerson934

Unit 2 Test for Anthrolpology: 1) Primate Evolution and Primatology a. Know how anthropologists place fossils into evolutionary order based on the dating techniques that determine age and shared homologies that define species. Relative dating tells age of fossils in relation to different layers of stratification (how sediments are deposited over time). Absolute dating tells exact age of fossils using molecular DNA, Carbon-14 dating, etc. Homologies tell when species have similar traits due to shared ancestry, which tells the age of the fossils by telling how they evolved b. Be able to list and explain the shared traits that define primates as a Order, the specific environment in which primates evolved, and when the primate line first appeared. 1. grasping 2. stereoscopic sight 3. tactile senses 4. brain/body size ratio 5. parental investment 6. sociability primates evolved in nocturnal, forest environments (Prosimians). Later, they evolved diurnally (Anthropoids). After that they moved to the forest floor (Apes) c. Be mostly knowledgeable of the evolutionary chart for primates, particularly the paths leading to the human species and when the human and chimpanzee lines split. 6 to 7 mya toumai - chimps split from humans during the miocene era (23-5 mya) catarrhine order splits b/w old world monkeys and old world apesapes-- live in forests and woodlands, no tail, more upright, bigger body size and shortened faces miocene hominoids: Euro-- oreopithecus (bipedal), Asia-- gigantopithecus (largest primate), Africa-- proconsul (ancestor of modern apes, sexually dimorphic)APES: hylobatids (gibbons), pongids (orangutans), and hominids HOMINIDS: gorillas, chimps/bonobos, and hominids (bipedal apes, very complex social organization) 1. ardipithecus kadabba - 5.8-5.2 mya in eastern africa: small cranium, lived in wooded areas, transitional bipedalism 2. Ardipithecus ramidus - 5.5-4.4 mya in eastern africa: walked upright, could climb trees, canine teeth

3. australopithecus afarensis - 2.85-2.95 mya in eastern africa: "lucy" apelike proportions, curved fingers, small teeth and body, walked upright 4. homo habilis 2.4-1.4 mya in eastern africa: larger cranial capacity (510-750 cm^3), smaller teeth, first evidence of stone tool use, culture? 5. homo erectus - 1.4-.15 mya, north east west africa, asia (evolved due to environmental change?): increased bipedalism, larger and more robust, increased sexual dimorphism, larger cranial capacity (600-1000 cm^3), smaller teeth, first use of fire? 6. homo sapiens heidelbergensis - 800k - 100k ya, asia, africa, first in europe: full bipedalism, larger cranial capacity (1135 cm^3), complex material culture (substinence behaviour), mostly replaced erectus7. homo sapiens sapiens, (AMH) - 195,000 ya - present, started in east africa, larger cranial capacity (1350 cm^3, neanderthals are bigger), loss of browridge, prominent forehead, great variety of stone tools, symbolic and abstract understanding, d. Think about why we study primatology in anthropology and the two types of primates we focus on. Primatology helps to explain human biological traits/ changes, human variation/ why human populations look different, why certain populations are located in certain areas, and how certain civilizations came about. we focus on terrestrial monkeys and the ones closely related to us-- explains evolution and why we are the way we are i. What do we look at in terrestrial primates to know more about early hominins? bipedalism, brain/body size ratio, teeth size large sizes-- helps them deal w predators on the ground sexual dimorphism -- marked more (males look more fierce/diff than females) ii. How do the living primates that are most closely related to us inform about human evolution? inform us that human evolution is shared and evolved traits that are found in fossils compared to the living ones today... DNA and diff bone structures of fossils help us understand and see the ways that primates have evolved into today's primates they tell us why we have certain adaptations a. Know the four trends of hominin evolution that define biological change leading to Anatomically Modern Humans. 1. Bipedalism (knees, feet, fingers, skull, pelvis) 2. dental changes (teeth, mouth get smaller)

3. cranial size 4. material culture b. Be mostly familiar with the hominin evolutionary chart and the evolutionary order of the different hominin species. Early hominins Ardipithecus to three branches. First branch Australopithecines to A. Anamensis to A. afarensis to A. boisei extinct. Second, Australopithecines to A. afarensis to A. africanus to A. robustus to extinct. Third branch A. afarensis to Homo Habilis to Homo erectus to homo Sapiens. c. Know the three paths that separate from Australopithecus afarensis and be able to describe these paths by discussing where the path occurred, the species names evolving on that path and how the four evolutionary trends are reflected within it. 3 evolutionary paths of Australopithecines: #1 east africa-- gracile body types, light skeletal build selected for A. anamnesis, A. afarensis, to A boisei (goes extinct) #2 South Africa-- A. Afarensis (moved south) to A. africansus to A. robust (goes extinct-- ROBUST body type selected) #3 East Africa-- A. Afarensis-- one population are the ancestors of homo genushomo genus marked by-- more adept bipedalism, smaller teeth/face, increased cranial capacity4 species-- homo habilis, homo erectus, homo floresiensis, and homo sapiens (which is sapiens and neanderthalensis) d. What made Homo genus different from Australopithecus and about when did the Homo evolutionary path first begin? -more adept bipedalism -smaller teeth and face -greater cranial capacity. 2.4 to 1.4mya e. Make sure you understand the three Out Of Africa models for different groups of hominins migrating throughout the world. 1. Multiregionalism Model All hominin species connected through gene flow. Spread of genes led to nre species everywhere.

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

2. Recent single origin model Each hominin species evolved in Africa, left, and replaces earlier hominin species 3. Assimilation Model Most hominins evolved in Africa, left, and partially interbred with earlier hominins f. What is the evolutionary explanation for why H. sapiens sapiens interbred with H. sapiens neandertalensis ? They looked similar and it isn't genetically imposible for them to be able to reproduce so some did which caused somewhat of a merge in some areas. as with other species, breeding across species allows the new hybrid to have genes or phenotype traits from both species, so modern humans may have bred with them for larger noses/lungs and less body surface to survive in the colder climates as the neanderthals could 3) Human Variation and Race a. How does hominin hybridization, such as that between modern humans and neandertals, help explain some modern human variation (i.e. discussion #3)? In many variation examples in humans it is based off of the environmental differences and general adaptability. at least 1/5th of the neanderthal genome may lurk w/in modern humans, influencing traits including the appearance of the skin and hair people have today and diseases they get b. Why is there biological variation within and between human populations today? c. What are some examples of specific modern human population adaptations? d. What is race and what does it have to do with human variation? 4) Archaeology and the Origins of Culture a. What is archaeology and and what are the different types of cultural material remains? b. What are the origins of human cultural behavior? i. What are the first two changes that mark first true human cultural behavior? ii. What is the third major change that defined origins of human culture and a new

adaptive strategy? 1. How were adaptive strategies changing on a global scale? 2. How does broad spectrum foraging set up the subsistence change? 3. Where were the different locations these changes were happening? 4. How did this change differ in the Old World Middle East from what happened in the New World Americas? c. What are the consequences of changing adaptive strategies to Domestication and Sedentism from hunting and gatherering? Knowing the consequences, what were the benefits that outweighed them? d. What are the two determinants/factors that ultimately explain why humans changed cultural behaviors and adaptive strategies during the Neolithic era? 5) Rise of Complex Societies a. How are pseudo-archaeological ideas and explanations problematic? Why do they fail as scientific explanations and what kind of problems do they create? (i.e. discussion #4) b. The fourth major cultural change that defines cultural origins was about social structures. What are the social and political organization changes that occurred after people became sedentary and reliant on domesticated plants and animals? i. Where and how have different civilizations arisen independent of each other? c. What are the different theories that archaeologists have suggested to explain these rises in complex societies? Which early civilization locations best fit each of these theories? i. What are the cultural attributes of Early States? d. Why did the Early States collapse? e. Be able to describe the rise of civilization in detail for at least one Early State whether from the textbook or lecture (a rise without any earlier antecedents).

Unit 2 Test for Anthrolpology_

Related Documents