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Domestication and development of breeds 1. What are the scientific names of our companion dog and cat? ● Companion dog: Canis lupus familiaris ● Companion Cat: Felis silvestris catus 2. What are the progenitor species of our companion dog and cat? What are their scientific names? ● The progenitor species of our companion dog is the gray wolf. The scientific name is Canis Lupus. ● The progenitor species of our companion cat is the African Wildcat. scientific name Felis silvestris lybica 3. What is the difference between domestication and taming? ● Domestication is the result of generations and generations of selective breeding. Domesticated animals are not wild. Controlled breeding ● Taming is training wild animals to act more docile around humans. (Domestication is a whole population and tame is a select few isolated individuals not genetically related 4. How were cats and dogs originally domesticated? ● Cats were originally domesticated because grain and wheat attracted rodents. Rodents are natural prey to cats and cats started going to villages and towns and killing them. Humans saw the benefit and allowed them to live near human civilization. ● Dogs were unintentionally domesticated as well. These dogs lived around humans, and the brave dogs approached human settlements to get food and they eventually benefitted living off humans. These brave dogs then continued to breed and become more friendly toward humans. (another theory is that they were selected by humans and brought back as pets but that is not as common of a belief anymore) 5. What are the effects of domestication on a species? The effects of domestication of a species include change of behavior, change in coat color, and change the reproductive behavior. 6. When, where, and why did humans start to transition from breeding for function to breeding for form? What have been the consequences of this in general? What have been specific consequences of this for the breeds and structural exaggerations that we covered? Humans started to breed for function to breeding for form during the early-mid 1800's when they started to become more obsessed with breeding for looks rather than their

working titles. The consequences have led to altered physical forms of the dogs which did not allow them to do the jobs they were trained for. Specific consequences of the selective breeding in pugs lead to spine problems because of the breeding for the curly tail. Another breed we talked about in class is the German Shepard and how the breeding selected for short legs that lead to a sloped back. This leads to joint and bone problems. We also talked about the English Bulldog, and how the smushed in face and many wrinkles cause eye and breathing problems. 7. W hat is the UKC? What categories does it use to classify breed groups? What are the shared characteristics within each UKC breed group? The UKC is the United Kennel Club. The UKC classifies breed groups based on working groups. There is a Sight Hound, Scent Hound, Mastiff, Terrier, Northern or Spitz, Livestock Guarding/Hearding, Gundogs- pointers, retrievers, settlers, and spaniels, and Companion. Within the sight hound breed, they are known for having a good eye sight and speed for hunting. Scent hounds hunt primarily with their noses, and they usually have long ears as well to drift the scent to their noses. Mastiffs were used as guarding/protection dogs. The terrier group was used to get/track underground game. They were bred to hunt small rodents. The Northern and Spitz lived in cold regions due to their thick fur, but were also used for work. Livestock guarding dogs have a bigger stature to scare off possible predators. Livestock herding dogs must be fast, lay low to the ground, and be able to steer herds in the way they want them to go . Gundogs are known to catch game; retrievers are trained to fetch the game without hurting it, setters use mostly their scent to catch game while they crouch to get their prey. Pointers are also a gundog, who use their front paw to "point" to their game. Spaniels are good at flushing game out of denser brush, but they have also been bred to go on land and water. Companion dogs were bred to be lap dogs. 8. What contributions did Bökönyi and Belyaev make to our understanding of domestication? ● Bokonyi contributed that there were two distinct phases of domestication. ● Belyaev worked with foxes and learned that domesticated foxes often have physiological/physical changes compared to their wild counterparts. (coat color and behavior changes) Structure and special senses 1. Dogs and cats were domesticated from predators. How do their body structures and

special senses reflect this history? Put another way, what specific components of a cat’s or dog’s body equip her for the detection and pursuit of prey? ● Dog's have an excellent sense of smell and sight. In the dog's eye they have a specific type of cell called a rod, that collects dim light giving them better night vision. A dog, like a cat has a reflective layer in their eyes called the tapetum luicium, which magnifies incoming light. Dogs cannot see color as well, but their other optical features make them good hunters. Dogs have a phenomenal sense of smell as well. They can distinguish odors that are subtly different and distinguish faint odors as well. Dogs' nostrils extend to the side of their nose which allows for the dog to pick up more scents. ● Cats have an even better sense of sight compared to one of a dog. They have a cell called a cone in the center of their retina which gives them binocular vision and visual acuity. The cone allows for cats to judge their speed and distance which is important in hunting. Cats, like dogs have a rod which gives them night vision. They also have a tapetum luicium like a dog. In cats, hearing is another important part in hunting. Cats are able to hear higher and lower frequencies than a human does. Hearing acts like a direction finder when the cat is hunting. The cats will turn their heads toward the direction of the sound to pinpoint their target. Their ear canal is deeper and more tapered. Cats also have semicircular canals found in the inner ear that are filled with fluid. These help the cats maintain their balance. 2. How do the sensory abilities of dogs and cats compare to those of humans? What specific components of dogs’ and cats’ sensory abilities contribute to these differences? (For example, what is it specifically about a dog’s nose or a cat’s ear that contribute to their sensory abilities? ) 3. Dogs - Sight: Can see movement/light better than people. Retina has a cell called “rod” that collects dim light, so they have better night vision. Tapetum lucidum magnifies incoming light. They cannot differentiate colors well. Dogs also have nictitating membrane (third eyelid) that protects from scratches 4. Cat – Sight: have keen vision better than dogs. Cone gives acuity and binocular vision. Rods collect dim light (can see 6x better in dim light than people). Tapetum lucidum magnifies incoming light. Nictitating eyelid too 5. Dog – Hearing: Ear canal is deeper than humans. Can hear 4x better than humans. Floppier ears limit ventilation 6. Cat – Hearing: Sensitive to sound. Use hearing as detection finder for hunting purpose. Turn heads toward direction of sound. Ear canal is deeper and tapered than in people. Semicircular canals are filled with fluid that maintain balance. Can determine body position when falling.

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7. Dog – Smell/Taste: Smell is million times more sensitive than humans. Can detect odors at low levels and different odors. Odor molecules sent from olfactory membranes in nose to olfactory center in brain (40x bigger than humans). Only have 1/6 number of taste buds than humans and sense of taste is poor 8. Cat – Smell/Taste: Sense of smell is less developed. Odor is important part of taste and enjoyment. 3. What do the different types of teeth do? How does dentition differ between dogs and cats? Incisors: help break down/tear up food Canines: for grasping and tearing Premolars/Molars: grind food into smaller pieces to be swallowed. Carnassial teeth (molars/premolars) Dogs start off with 28 deciduous (baby) teeth and between 2-7 months of age they will loose their deciduous teeth and grow 42 adult teeth. Cats have 26 deciduous teeth that are replaced by 30 adult teeth that erupt between 5-7 months of age. Dogs' teeth are also larger in general compared to a cats' teeth. 4. How does dentition differ between a young and a mature animal? Approximately when does this change occur? Why do these differences exist? A young animal will have less amounts of smaller teeth (known as baby teeth). Baby teeth also tend to be sharper compared to adult teeth . This change occurs between 2-7 months in dogs and 5-7 months in cats. 5. How do changes to head shape impact the animal’s function? What are the head shapes? Changes to the head shape impact the animal's function because they can impair brain/nerve function if the skull is too small for the brain, for example. The changes in head shape also impact the length of the nose bridge and if an animal will be brachycephalic or not. Head shape can also alter how the teeth lay in the mouth. The head shapes are Dolichocephalic, Mesatichepalic, and Brachycephalic. 6. How do changes to shoulder and hip angulation impact the animal’s function? Changes to the shoulder and hip angulation impact how the animal moves and how long of a stride it has. For example, Salukis have very long legs and can run vert fast and their hips and should must move in response to those. 7. How do dogs and cats thermoregulate, and how can we help them with that? Dogs usually thermoregulate by panting. Cats usually thermoregulate with grooming themselves since they don't have sweat glands . Both of these species usually seek shaded/colder areas to cool themselves on a hot day as well. We can help them with that by not intervening much. For example, many people groom their thick coated dogs in summer to help them cool down, but it actually causes more problems because dogs need the thick coat for protection against the UV rays. One of the only way humans can help is

brushing out their dogs, because it thins the thick undercoat to keep the dog cool, but it still can protect against direct sunlight. 8. What are normal physiologic values (heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature) for cats and for dogs? How do these compare to humans; why? Heart Rate for dogs: 60-140 bpm (resting) Respiratory Rate for dogs: 10-35 breathes per minute (resting) Body Temperature in dogs: 101-102.5 Heart Rate for cats: 140-220 bpm (resting) Respiratory Rate for cats: 15-30 breaths per minute (resting) Body Temperature: 100.5-102.5 [101.5] 9. What are the different hair types of cats and dogs? Cats and Dogs: ● Guard hairs: coarse, long, thick hairs that come to a fine tip; insulate the body and aid the sense of touch ● Awn hairs: thinner hairs within the primary coat; also help insulate and protect the body ● Secondary hairs: the thinnest and most numerous hairs; make up the downy undercoat that is important for temperature control ● Whiskers: long, wiry, sensory hairs attached to the face (in cats can be present above paws on legs). 10. What are the common directional terms; how are they used? The common directional terms are: caudal, cranial, ventral, dorsal, distal, and proximal. They are used to describe where the different anatomical structures are located in relation to the center of the body. 11. What are the different types of joints? ● immovable (once the animal reaches maturity) - bones in the skull/midline pelvic girdle ● Slightly movable : joints between the vertebrae (joints allow free movement and typically have a structure of a fluid filled cavity between the articulating surfaces. ● Synovial Joint: held together by ligaments and a fibrous capsule encloses the joint. ● Hinge joints: allow movements in two dimensions, axis vertebrae pivots the atlas vertebrae. ● Ball and Socket Joints: shoulders/hip = contribute a lot to movement ● 12. What are the different types of locomotion? Vary slightly from dogs and cats: Cats have very flexible joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Can walk, run, leap, twist, and even roll into a ball. Cats can leap long distances and twist in mid-air to better attack their prey. Normal gait in a cat is a called a "pace"- legs on one side of the body move together. Dogs: have most of the same bones, ligaments, joints , tendons, and muscle as humans.

Dogs run like horses; they have the same 4 gaits: walk, trot, canter, and gallop. Selective breeds of dogs can swim too! 13. How is declawing performed; what are the short- and long-term effects on anatomy, physiology, and behavior? Declawing is performed by basically amputating the last bone of a cat's foot (similar to amuptating of one of our fingers at the last knuckle). To be more specific the distal phalanx is amputated. Declawing can either be by a guillotine clipper (usually used for cutting nails) or by laser surgery . Another way of declawing is known as tendonectomy , in which the tendon that controls each claw is severed. The cats still have their claws but cannot use them since they don't retract. Some short term affect of declawing is the possibility of an infection forming where the claws used to be. There will be pain after the surgery and tissue death (necrosis). Long term affects include the possibility of the nail growing back underneath (if the declawing wasn't properly performed). The cats can no longer climb or show hunting abilities like they used to (jumping, catching toys/prey, and scratching). Since the cat Heritability 1. What were the key takeaways of the two historic studies presented by Sarah? 2. 1. Behavioral traits have lower heritability. Influenced largely by environment, but also by genetics 3. 2. We can select for behavioral traits. Often takes longer than physical traits, especially if we’re selecting for physical traits as well This is why well-bred purebred dogs have more reliability in physical AND behavioral traits 4. 3. Behavior is a complex trait, controlled by environment and genetics. But we can be smart about breeding for working traits, and also managing our personal pets properly 5. 4. It’s not ALL environment. Some dogs have good genes, but poor socialization. Some dogs have great socialization but poor genetics 2. Define heritability. How can it be used to select for (or against) traits in a breeding program? Heritability is an estimate of the degree of variation between individuals within a population that is due to genetics. It can be used to select for traits in a breeding program because if you know that a certain trait is more heritable you will select those traits rather than those that are less heritable because it will most likely give you the result you want. 3. What factors influence the rate of genetic progress when selecting for multiple traits? environmental affects because they can work against the genetic progress you are trying to make. 4. How is phenotype shaped by genetic potential and environmental influence? Phenotype is shaped by both genetics and the environment because while genetics plays a big role in physiological traits environment can change these physiological traits. There are multiple examples in where this happens. 1. Be able to distinguish the tabby patterns; which one is wild type? The wild type is the Mackerel tabby:

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Cat Coat Color: 2. How can we use a cat’s coat color to predict gender? What’s the explanation? We can use coat color to predict gender because the color orange is sex-linked and is seen in XO and that means that orange females exhibit XO XO and males exhibit XOy thus males orange tabys are gonna be more likely to have the orange color because they don’t need to be dominant for both genes. Tortie are also almost always female because to be a tortie you need to have XOXo which means unless they have a XOXoY they are tortie.

3. What is the physiologic explanation for pointed coats? The physiologic explanation for point coats is to attract heat to the areas where they don’t get enough heat due to less circulation like: ears, nose, and feet. 4. What is the association between inherited deafness and white co ats? There is a positive association between inherited deafness and white coats and even more so if they have blue eyes and long hair. Reproduction and Fertility Control 1. What are unique aspects of male reproductive anatomy in the dog and the cat? Why do these exist? ● CAT: Unique aspect of male cat are the spikes in the penis that latch onto the inside of the vagina of the female cat they are mating. These spikes release hormones that, when in strong enough concentrations, will result in ovulation. It is also used to potentially scrape out any competing sperm and more ensure theirs stays. This is also controlled by testosterone so if that is interrupted (by neuter or something else) the won't develop the spikes. ● DOG: Unique in dog is that they have a bulbus glandis that locks the mating in place. This ensures that all of the sperm makes it into the female and often times it will act as a means to keep it inside as well. Breaking two apart when the glandis bulbus is enlarged can hurt both the males and females. 2. Why is it more difficult to determine gender in kittens than in puppies? Because cats' penis is pointed caudally and resides below the anus, such as a vulva would, so when the testicles are not developed, it can be very difficult to distinguish between males and females. Dog, however, have a penis that points cranially and you can see it on the ventral side of their body in its sheath 3. What are the stages of the estrous cycle? Describe the biological and behavioral changes that occur with each stage. The stages of the estrous cycle are: - Proestrus: dogs/cats are getting ready to mate. They have bloody discharge. The females also may become more active with males but will not allow mating. - Estrus: is the period of sexual receptivity. It is the period which ovulation occurs. The female dog in particular will stand to be mounted during this time. -Diestrus: is also called metestrus. In dogs there are two outcomes pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. During this stage, progesterone is in control. - Anestrus: is the period of sexual inactivity.

4. How does the estrous cycle differ between dogs and cats; why? In cats, they have a stage in the estrous cycle called interestrus. Interestrus is when the cat does not ovulate. This is different because cats, unlike dogs are induced ovulators. Other than that cats and dogs have the same 6. At what age is surgical sterilization recommended? Dogs: Cats: 2 months 7. How does surgical spaying and neutering impact the incidence of diseases? It severely decreases the chance of mammary cancer in females and testicular and prostate cancer in males. 8. How are the brain and nervous system involved in reproduction? Cats are photosensitive so typically they will go into estrus on long days, not short. The brain also releases all of the important hormones that control the reproductive system such as GnRH, LH, FSH etc. 9. Be able to describe the contraceptive approaches presented in Tuesday’s class. Vaccine- stops the repro tract from properly developing by inhibiting the production of GnRH (?) in both males and females (cant remember if permanent or not) Implant- releases hormones that slow reproductive rates- similar to that used in humans (not permanent) 10.What are the technical terms for spaying and neutering? Ovariectomy- ovaries Ovariohysterectomy- ovaries and uterus Gonadectomy- testes or uterus/ ovaries(?) Orchiectomy- testes 11.What happens in the hours leading up to parturition? What are actions of the mother after birth? The animal will start to nest, lie down, become restless Clean babies, keep babies warm, feed babies 12. What care must humans provide for orphaned kittens or puppies? Heat packs and bottles to mimic a mother sometimes humans are able to provide a foster mother, even if it is a different breed 13. When throughout gestation can different methods be used for pregnancy detection? Early- blood or urine to detect hormones. Ultrasound can also be used but only to see fluid filled sacs After that- ultrasound can start picking up skeletons of the fetuses 14. How long is gestation in cats and dogs? What is the placental type of cats and

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dogs? Approx. 2 months and they have a zonary type placenta which is a band of tissue around the animal Spines on penis (cat) : testosterone dependent Terminology: If you came across any terms that were new to you, make sure you know them! Here is a suggested checklist but you may want to add more as you review: c ongenital (present at birth) deciduous (shedding or falling of seasonally) lordosis (curving inward of the spine) nictitating membrane (translucent third eyelid) orchiectomy (removal of testes) ovariectomy (removal of ovaries) ovariohysterectomy (ovary and uterus removal) polytocous (birth to multiple offspring) quick (in the claws sensitive) agouti (wild-type A produces this phenotype and is overall grayish color) superfecundity (an organism natural instinct to produce offspring) tapetum lucidum (tissue behind animals eyes that reflect light) vestibular apparatus (or system) (apparatus in inner ear for balance) vomeronasal organ (just above the roof of the mouth and it detects heavy moisture odor particles) hyoid apparatus (bones that suspend the tongue and larynx ) Flehmen (response for animals to try and smell pheremones) onychectomy (declawing) Tendonectomy (cutting of tendons) Quiz Reviews 1. Domesticated species undergo change in reproduction: true 2. Color variations are natural byproduct of domestication process: true 3. Taming is condition behavioral modification of an individual: true 4. Domestication = permanent genetic modification of a bred lineage that leads to heritable predisposition: true

5. Neonates are unable to regulate their own internal body temperature during the first weeks of life: true 6. Introduction of contraceptives for dogs and cat followed the pill for women: true 7. Progestin have been used to control estrus in dogs more than cats: true 8. In England, castration of cats and dogs could legally be performed by non-vets in 2000: true 9. Canine reproductive cycle is highly dependent on seasonal effects (photoperiod): false 10. U.S Vet community embraced use of hormonal contraceptives in 19760s following successful intro of progestin in dogs for Europe: false