Exercise 11-20 Review

Exercise 11 Review Introduction to the Muscles 1. Label the following illustration. Facial muscles, Deltoid, Biceps brachii Brachioradialis, Pectineus, Adductor longus, Gracilis, Sartorius, Patella, Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, flexors of wrist and fingers, tensor fasciae latae, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, fibularis brevis, fibularis longus, extensor digitorum longus, quadriceps femoris.

2. Label the following illustration. Sternocleidomastoid, infraspinatus, teres minor, teres major, triceps brachii,extensor of the wrist fingers, hamstring muscles, semitendinosus,biceps femoris, semimembranosus, fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, splenius capitis,

Exercise 12 Review Muscles of the Head and Neck 1. What is the origin of the masseter muscle? Zygomatic arch. 2. What is the action of the risorius? Abducts the corners of the mouth. 3. What kind of muscle is the orbicularis oris muscle in terms of action? Sphincter muscle. 4. Fill in the following illustration for the muscles of the neck. A)- Diagastric B)- Mylohyoid C)- Sternocleidomastoid D)- Sternohyoid E)- Omohyoid 5. What muscle originates on the temporal fossa? Temporalis 6. Name two muscles that close the jaw. Masseter and temporalis. 7. Where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle insert? In mastoid process / superior nuchal line. 8. What muscle closes the lips? Orbicularis oris. 9. Where does the orbicularis oculi insert? The skin of the eyelid. 10. What is the insertion of the temporalis? The coronoid process, and mandibular ramus. 11. Name a muscle that closes the eye. Orbicularis oculi. 12. What is the action of the sternocleidomastoid? Rotation, extension, and flexion of the neck. 13. What muscle is a synergist with the masseter? The temporalis. 14. Label the muscles of the head in the following illustration.

A) Occipitofrontalis B) Temporalis C) Orbicularis Oculi D) Masseter E) Orbicularis Oris F) Buccinator 15. When you turn your head to the left, which sternocleidomastoid muscle contracts? The right sternocleidomastoid left splenius capitis. 16. Tilt your head so that your chin is elevated and pout your lower lip. What muscle forms a thin membrane along the anterolateral neck? The platysma. 17. Purse your lips and feel the buccinator muscle as it contracts in the cheek. Orbicularis Oris 18. Clench your teeth and palpate the temporalis muscle and the masseter. Mastication; which may progress into the temporalis tendon. Examine figure 12.4 for surface views of facial muscles. Fill in which muscles are represented in the photographs.

a- serratus anterior b-external oblique c-transversus abdominis d-internal abdominal oblique e-rectus abdominis 14. Label the muscles in the following illustration.

A-splenius capitis b-sternocleidomastoid c-trapezius d-semispinalis e-splenius cervicis f-seventh cervical vertebra g-rhomboideus minor h-rhomboideus major Exercise 14 Review Muscles and Muscles of the Shoulder and Upper Extremity 1. What is the action of the deltoid muscle? Abduction of the arm and assistance in forward flexion or with internal rotation. 2. Name the origin of the supraspinatus muscle. Supraspinous fossa. 3. What is the insertion of the pectoralis minor? Medial border and coracoid process of scapula. 4. What is the origin of the levator scapulae? The seventh cervical and first five thoracic vertebrae's spinous processes. 5. What is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi? The floor of the intertubercular groove of the humerus. 6. Does the biceps brachii muscle originate or insert on the humerus? Neither. It’s origin is on the scapula and inserts on the radius. 7. What is the origin of the trapezius? In the medial third superior nuchal line, ligament nuchae, spinous processes and supraspinous ligaments to T12. 8. The pectoralis major has what action? To flex, adduct and medially rotate the arm. 9. What is the insertion of the subscapularis? In the lesser tubercle of humerus. 10. What is the action of the triceps brachii? To extend arm and forearm and adduct the arm. 11. What is the origin of the brachialis? In the anterior distal surface of humerus. 12. Name all the muscles that flex the arm. Deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis. 13. Which muscles are antagonists to the triceps brachii? Biceps brachii and brachialis. 14. Label the muscles in the following illustration . A-Pectoralus B-Deltoid C- Lateral Hand of Triceps Brachii D-Biceps Brachi E-Brachialis F-Brachiodialis 15. What is the origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris? In the medial epicondyle of humerus and ulna. 16. What is an antagonist to the supinator muscle? The pronator quadratus. 17. Where does the flexor digitorum superficialis insert? The middle phalanges of digits 2-5. 18. What is the insertion of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle? The metacarpal 5. 19. What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis muscles? It flexes and abducts the hands. 20. What muscle extends both the hand and the phalanges? The extensor digitorum. 21. What muscles flex the hand? Palmeris longus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor digitorum profundus. 22. What muscles extend the thumb? Extensor pollicis longus and brevis.

a-acromion process b-infraspinatus c-greater tubercle d-teres minor e-humerus g-clavicle h-coracoid process i-Supraspinatus j-subscapilaris Exercise 15 Review Muscles of the Hip, Thigh, Leg, and Foot 1. If you were to ride a horse, what muscles would you use to keep your seat out of the saddle as you rode? The rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, gracilis, pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus. 2. How do the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus prevent you from toppling over as you walk? Stabilizes the pelvis, preserves equilibrium, and holds the center of gravity in place. 3. What is a muscle that is an antagonist to the biceps femoris muscle? Rectus femoris. 4. What are two muscles that are synergists with the biceps femoris muscle? The semitendinosis and semimembranous. 5. What is the insertion of all the muscles of the quadriceps group? In the tibial tuberosity. 6. How does the action of the rectus femoris differ from that of the other quadriceps muscles? The quadriceps muscle is the only one that flexes the thigh. 7. How many adductor muscles are there? Five. 8. List two muscles in this exercise that are responsible for thigh flexion. Iliopsoas and sartorius. 9. Where do the hamstring muscles originate as a group? In the Ischial tuberosity

10. What is the action of the vastus lateralis? It extends the leg. 11. Which muscle group is located on the anterior part of the thigh? Quadriceps 12. Is abduction of the thigh movement away from or toward the midline? Away from it. 13. What muscle flexes the lumbar vertebrae as part of its action? The Iliopsoas. 14. Label the muscles in the following illustration. A-tensor fascia lata B-sartorius C- D-vastus lateralis E-iliopsoas F-pectineus G-gracialis H-vastus medialis

21. Label the muscles in the following illustration. a-rectus femoris b-vastus lateralis c-vastus medialis d-extensor digitorum longus tendons Exercise 16 Review Muscle Physiology 1. A skeletal muscle is stimulated to contract by what structure? By nerve impulses from the motor neuron. 2. What chemical crosses the synapse, causing a muscle to contract? ACH - Acetylcholine 3. Where is calcium released to cause muscle contraction? In the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. What are the two types of myofilaments found in muscle cells that cause muscle contraction? The actin and myosin. 5. Does a single muscle fiber or an entire muscle contract by an all-or-none response? Single . 6. Name the first phase after a stimulus in a muscle contraction. Lag phase 7. Define subthreshold stimulus . A type of stimulus that does not induce a muscle response.

8. What happens to the strength of contraction during wave summation? It increases. 9. Describe tetanus. Rapid, repetitive contractions are sent to muscles 10. What is maximum recruitment? The smallest voltage stimulation that activates all muscle fibers. 11. How do tetanus and twitch, as demonstrated in the lab, correlate to human muscle contraction? Which one is more reflective of human muscle response? Why? Twitch is a swift and continuous movement. Tetanus (multiple neuron firing) is a more accurate representation of the human muscle response. 12. In the following illustration, which one is the contraction phase, the lag period, and the relaxation phase? A- Lag Phase B- Contraction Phase C- Relaxation Phase 13. Explain a muscle spasm in terms of recruitment of muscle fibers. The spontaneous recruitment of multiple muscle fibers is referred to as a muscle spasm. 14. How does the muscle respond to weight when it is first contracting versus when it is fatigued? The contractions become more spasmodic as the muscle fatigues. 15. As an athlete "warms up" before exercising, the muscles increase in temperature. What effect does this have on various phases of muscle contraction? As the temperature increases, the enzymatic reactions speed up, allowing the muscle to respond faster and with more energy. Exercise 17 Review Introduction to the Nervous System

17. In which one of the three nervous system divisions are neurolemmocytes located? PNS . 18. Myelin is made of what kind of material? Lipoprotein. Exercise 18 Review Brain and Cranial Nerves 1. Which one of the meninges is just superficial to the brain? Pia matter. 2. What fluid is found in the ventricles of the brain? Cerebrospinal fluid. 3. Into what space does fluid flow from the cerebral aqueduct? Fourth ventricle. 4. What is the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus? The brain's convoluted nature results in two types of structures: gyri and sulci - that’s the first difference to point out. Gyri refers to the folds' ridges, while sulci refers to just the grooves that separate the cerebral cortex into gyri. The brain's complex environment helps in its streamlined containment within the skull. The anatomy within each framework throughout the cerebral cortex is the main difference amongst gyri and sulci. 5. Name all the lobes of the cerebrum. Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal 6. What is the function of the precentral gyrus? The primary motor area control in the brain to execute voluntary motor movements. 7. What sense does the temporal lobe alone interpret? Sound acceptance of sensory information having to do with speech and sound. 8. What physical depression separates the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe? Sylvian fissure. 9. What structure connects the cerebral hemispheres? Corpus callosum 10. Name the major regions of the midbrain. Cerebral peduncles, tectum, and corpora quadrigemina. 11. What is the function of the cerebellum? To act as a component to the central nervous system, particularly involved in precision, timing, as well as motor learning, and coordination in the body’s movements. 12. John "pulled a no-brainer" by hitting his forehead against a wall. What damage might he have done to the function of his brain, particularly the functions associated with the frontal lobe? His cognitive functions will become effected so much so that he will face the lack of ability to properly perform actions such as intellect, spatial awareness, social interactions/communications. Especially personality shifts, inability to concentrate or organize, and impulsivity would be the main results to his damage of his frontal lobe . 13. If a stroke had affected all the sensations interpreted by the brain concerning only the face and the hands, how much of the post-central gyrus would be affected? Between more than ½ - ⅔ of it all. 14. Describe what effect the loss of an entire cerebral hemisphere would have on specific functions, such as spatial awareness or the ability to speak. Damage to motor speech, which is usually only present on the left side of the brain, will result in long-term speech disability in which thoughts could not be articulated as fluent speech. 15. Aphasia is loss of speech. Different types of aphasia can occur. If the Broca area were affected by a stroke, would the content of the spoken word be affected, or would the ability to pronounce the words be affected? The ability to speak/pronounce words would be affected.

16. Label the following illustration . a-corpus callosum b-thalamus c-hypothalamus d-pituitary gland e-tectum f-pons g-pineal gland h-colliculus i-fourth ventricle j-choroid plexus of fourth ventricle k-medula oblongata 17. Label the brain. A-frontal lobe B-temporal lobe C-optic chasma D-pituitary gland E-pons F-medulla oblongata

4. What is the conus medullaris? L1 & L2 terminal portion of the solid part of the spinal cord. 5. What is the cauda equina? Parallel cluster of nerve fibers that continue from the conus medullaris into the spinal cord. 6. In the spinal cord, which is deep to the other, the white matter or the gray matter? The gray matter. 7. What is the area of gray matter found between the lateral halves of the spinal cord? Central commissure 8. The subarachnoid space is filled with what fluid? CSF 9. What major nerves arise from the following plexuses? a. Cervical - phrenic b. Brachial - median, radial/ ulnar, axillary, musculotaneous, c. Lumbar - obturator, femoral d. Sacral - sciatic 10. In terms of function, how does the dorsal spinal root vary from the ventral spinal root? Sensory information is transmitted to the spinal cord through the dorsal root.The information is carried away from the spinal cord by the ventral spinal root motor nerves. 11. What is the endoneurium? The sheath that surrounds a single nerve fiber. 12. How do tracts differ from nerves? A tract is a collection of nerve fibers (axons) in the central nervous system; different from a nerve whose collection of nerve fibers (axons) is in the peripheral nervous system. 13. What is a mixed nerve? Carrier of both sensory and motor information. 14. The diaphragm's contractions are regulated by what nerve? The phrenic nerves. 15. The muscles of the arm, such as the biceps brachii, have what innervation? Musculocutaneous nerve. 16. The extensor muscles of the hand are controlled by what nerve? Radial nerve. 17. The sciatic nerve is composed of two nerves. What are they? The tibial and fibular nerves. 18. A person has feeling from the deltoid and biceps brachii region but no feeling from the wrist extensors. Where on the spinal cord has injury occurred? Between C6 and C7. 19. Fill in the illustration. a-posterior median sulcus b-central canal c-posterior(dorsal) horn d-anterior (ventral) horn e-gray comissure f-anterior median fissure Exercise 20 Review

Nervous System Physiology: Stimuli and Reflexes 1. Define threshold voltage in nerve conduction. In a nerve conduction, it is the minimum voltage necessary. 2. Define maximum recruitment voltage in nerve conduction. The voltage is increasing until the muscle contracts to its maximum capacity (when muscles are tensed). 3. What structure receives a stimulus from the external environment and relays it to the sensory neuron? Sensory receptor. 4. What is another name for an efferent neuron? Motor neuron. 5. Define reflex . It is a reflexive movement in response to a stimulus that occurs without consciousness. 6. In what kind of reflex do you have just two neurons? Stretch reflex. 7. Polysynaptic reflexes have a neuron specific to them. What is the name of that neuron? The interneuron. 8. In terms of numbers of synapses, what kind of reflex is a patellar reflex? The monosynaptic reflex. 9. After surgery, patients leave the operating room and are transferred to an area called the “recovery room.” Correlate the meaning of the word recovery in this context with what you have learned in this exercise about the recovery of nerves. Nerves must wake up from a hyporeflexic state caused by the body being numbed/put to sleep during surgery in order to return to a normal state of response. 10. What action occurs with a hyperreflexic response? The exaggerated reflex. 11. What action occurs with a hyporeflexic response? In a hyperreflexic response, the individual's responses to stimuli are heightened.