Unit 1 Anatomy Homework - Alyssa Pimienta
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School
Biola University *
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Course
254
Subject
Anatomy
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
Pages
7
Uploaded by Ally166
Name: Alyssa Pimienta
Due Date: 9/29/20
Intro to Anatomy
1.
What are some ways we can study gross (macroscopic) anatomy?
a.
Regional anatomy
b.
Systemic anatomy
c.
Surface anatomy
2.
What are some ways we can study microscopic anatomy? What do these
subdivisions study?
a.
Cytology - study of cells
b.
Histology - study of tissues
3.
Describe the structural hierarchy of the human body starting with atoms
•
Chemical level
•
Cellular level
•
Tissue level
•
Organ level
•
Organ system level
•
Organismal level
4.
What are the four main tissues that we find in the body?
a.
Epithelial tissue
b.
Connective tissue
c.
Muscle tissue
d.
N
ervous tissue
5.
What is the anatomical term for the thumb?
Pollex
6.
If a patient would have an injury to crural region, where would that be?
Lower leg
a.
… the mental region? The chin
7.
Cutting the body along the median plane produces a(n) Midsaggital section
8.
Cutting the body horizontally produces a(n) Transverse section
9.
Describe the anatomical directional terms
a.
Median - refers to a position closest to the patient’s midline
b.
Lateral - refers to a position furthest from the midline
c.
Superficial - refers to a position closest to the body's surface
d.
Anterior - refers to a position closer to the front of the patient
e.
Distal - further from the point of origin
10. Describe the basic function of the digestive system?
It breaks down food into small absorbable units and undigestible foodstuffs are
eliminated as feces
11. Describe the basic function of the endocrine system?
Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use.
12. Define homeostasis
The state of steady internal, physical, chemical, and social conditions maintained by
living systems.
13. What is the difference between negative vs. positive feedback? Give examples of
each
N
egative feedback is a regulatory mechanism that works to maintain stability
and restore equilibrium in a system. An example of negative feedback is the human
body uses negative feedback to regulate temperature.
Positive feedback amplifies the effects of a change or disturbance in a system
rather than opposing it, often leading to an escalating or reinforcing cycle. An
example of positive feedback is the process of childbirth.
14. What are the two division of the dorsal body cavity? And what anatomical
structures do they contain?
a.
Cranial cavity - contains the brain
b.
Vertebral cavity - contains the spinal cord
15. What serous membranes are associated with the lungs?
Pleura
a.
… the heart? Pericardium
b.
… the intestines? Peritoneum
Cells
1.
Name all the labeled intracellular organelles in this image.
2.
What are the important molecular events that happen during prophase of mitosis?
During prophase, the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite
sides of the nucleus, initiating the mitotic spindle formation.
3.
Endomembrane system: Describe the route of protein synthesis from the nucleus, rough
endoplasmic reCculum, golgi apparatus, and exocytosis (may supplement answer with
illustraCon)
4.
What intracellular organelles is responsible for making ATP?
Mitochondria
5.
What intracellular organelles is responsible for the formaCon of the mitoCc spindle
which is crucial during mitosis?
The centrioles are critical to allow the mitotic spindle to form, which is critical to
allow cytokinesis.
Plasma Membrane
Golgi Apparatus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondrion
Nucleolus
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6.
DifferenCate passive from acCve transport.
Active transport requires energy for the movement of molecules whereas passive
transport does not require energy for the movement of molecules.
7.
Describe
a.
Simple diffusion: solutes go down their concentraBon gradient
b.
Facilitated diffusion: simple diffusion through a transmembrane protein
c.
Osmosis: the movement of water molecules from a soluBon with a high
concentraBon of water molecules to a soluBon with a lower concentraBon of
water molecules, through a cell's parBally permeable membrane.
8.
Describe the three methods of endocytosis.
• Phagocytosis
• Pinocytosis
• Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
9.
Diagram a cell in a isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic soluCon and briefly describe how
the cell volume would be altered in each of these states.
A Hypotonic solution causes a cell to swell,
a Hypertonic solution causes a cell to
shrink, whereas an Isotonic solution has no
net movement, resulting in a normal cell.
Histology
1.
What are the unique characterisCcs of epithelial Cssue?
• Avascular but innervated
• High regeneraBon capacity
• Cellularity
• Specialized cell membrane juncBons
• Polarity
2.
What is the two-name classificaCon we use to name different types of epithelial Cssue?
Simple and StraBfied
3.
Describe the three types of cell membrane juncCons
•
Tight juncBon - seal the lateral surfaces and prevent substances from leaking in
between cells
•
Desmosomes - anchor two adjacent cells together and prevent them from sliding
away from each other
•
Gap juncBons
- passageway between two adjacent cells
4.
Name two parts of the body where we would find simple squamous epithelium?
The lining of the heart and blood vessels
5.
Name two parts of the body where we would find dense regular connecCve Cssue?
Tendons and most ligaments
6.
Where do we find transiConal epithelium?
Bladder and Urethra
7.
What do goblet cells secrete?
Mucin
8.
What are the three types of:
a.
dense connecCve Cssue?
• Dense regular, dense irregular, and elasBc
b.
Loose connecCve Cssue?
• Areolar, adipose, and reBcular
9.
What are the three main protein fibers that we find in the ground substance of
connecCve Cssue?
• Collagen fibers
• ReBcular fibers
• ElasBc fibers
10. What are some of the funcCons of adipose Cssue?
Provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, and supports & protects organs.
11. Where in the body do we find elasCc connecCve Cssue?
Walls of large arteries, and within the walls of the bronchial tubes
12. The early fetal skeleton is primarily made up what type of carClage?
Hyaline CarBlage
13. What is the predominate cell that we find in blood? And what is it’s funcCon?
Erythrocyte and carries oxygen from the lungs and delivers it throughout the body.
14. Name and differenCate the three types of muscle Cssue?
• Skeletal muscle Bssue - have striaBons and are mulB-nucleic
• Cardiac muscle Bssue - have striaBons and intercalated discs
• Smooth muscle Bssue - have NO striaBons and spindle-shaped cells
15. DifferenCate between hypertrophy and atrophy.
An increase in the total mass of a muscle is hypertrophy, whereas a decrease in the
total mass of a muscle is referred to as atrophy.
16. What are the three primary germ layers and what adult Cssue types do they differenCate
into?
The three primary germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. The
ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermis, among other Bssues. The
mesoderm gives rise to the muscle cells and connecBve Bssue in the body. The endoderm
gives rise to the gut and many internal organs.
Integumentary System
1.
Label all the structures of this skin model
2.
List the five layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.
• Stratum corneum
• Stratum lucidum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum basale
Papillary region
Arrestor pilli muscle
Sebaceous gland
Eccrine sweat gland
Adipose tissue
Sensory nerve
Reticular tissue
Hair follicle
Hypodermis
Dermis
Epidermis
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3.
What are the three main components that contribute to skin color?
• Melanin
• Carotene
• Hemoglobin
4.
What is the funcCon of Langerhan cells in the epidermis?
These cells act as the outermost guard of the cutaneous immune system and
are likely to induce the first reactions against pathogens encountered via the skin.
5.
Describe the differences between apocrine and merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands.
Supplement with illustraCon of both of them.
Apocrine sweat glands excrete their products into
the hair follicle canal, whereas the eccrine sweat
glands excrete directly onto the skin surface.
6.
What happens to the dermal blood vessels when we are in cold climates?
They constrict or narrow
a.
… in hot climates?
They dilate
7.
What are the two main types of hair and where in the body do we find them?
•
Vellus hairs - body hairs of women and children
•
Terminal hairs - hair of the scalp, axillary, and groin area (pubic hair)
8.
What is the ABCD mneumonic to screen for melanoma?
Assymetrical
Border
Color
Diameter
9.
Describe the classificaCon of burns
• First-degree burn - only the upper epidermis is damaged
• Second-degree burn - the upper part of the dermis is also damaged
• Third-degree burn - consumes the enBre thickness of skin