HS 2211 - Human Anatomy and Physiology Writtrn Assignment W 7
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May 21, 2024
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Diseases of the Urinary Tract System
University of the People
HS 2211: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Professor Robert Pressley
August 2, 2023
Disease of the Urinary Tract System
Urine excretion is a vital part of the human bodily process. It ensures that
waste products are safely excreted from the body and prevents the
accumulation of toxins that may have detrimental impacts on the body. The
urinary system is physiological designed to both store and transport urine
(OpenStax, 2018). These structures must be able to sustain the compositions
of urine such as its pH and osmolarity (OpenStax, 2018). The urinary tract is
responsible for the removal and drainage of urine (OpenStax, 2018). It
consists of the two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, and urethra (OpenStax,
2018). In this written assignment, we will discuss nocturia and nocturnal
polyuria. We will discuss the causes of the diseases, who is most vulnerable to
the condition, the impacts on the quality of life of patients, and finally how it
can influence community health.
Nocturia and Nocturnal Polyuria
As the name of the disease suggests, nocturia and nocturnal polyuria is
essentially the disease of the night time. Nocturnal polyuria is the
overproduction of urine in the night time. Patients with nocturnal polyuria
produce approximately 20 to 33% of their 24 hour urine volume in the night
time (Weiss & Everaert, 2019). Individuals with nocturia often wake up
multiple times at night to urinate. This disease is more common in individuals
who are older than the age of sixty. However, the causes of nocturia can differ
depending on the individual. The type of nocturia an individual has will
determine the medical conditions that are potentially associated with the
individual and further decides the treatment that is appropriate for the
patient (Weiss & Everaert, 2019). Nocturnal polyuria syndrome can be caused
by a variety of conditions. This includes:
1.
congestive heart failure
2.
diabetes mellitus
3.
obstructive sleep apnea
4.
peripheral edema, (Weiss & Everaert, 2019).
Nocturnal polyuria can also be caused by abnormal antidiuretic hormone
arginine vasopressin secretion (Weiss & Everaert, 2019). Antidiuretic
hormones or AVPs are responsible for regulating the level of water that is
present in your body (Sakakibara et al., 2005). It controls how much water the
kidney reabsorbs while the waste is being filtered from the blood. The lack of
secretion of antidiuretic hormones can lead to our bodies losing high volumes
of water in our urine (Sakakibara et al., 2005). This means that we will
produce more urine. The impaired release of antidiuretic hormones can be
seen to be associated with the lack of coordination with the body’s circadian
rhythm (Sakakibara et al., 2005). The circadian rhythm of our body is the 24
hour cycle our body follows involving mental, physical, and behavioral
changes. Our biological clock can signal the release of certain hormones and
bodily processes. An impaired circadian rhythm will disrupt the natural flow
of our body. In elderly people, we see a prevalence of the deterioration and
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degeneration of the body’s ability to follow this natural rhythm. Studies have
shown that the typical circadian rhythm of people above the age of 7 years old
is 2:1, where less of the daily output occurs at nighttime. Individuals with
nocturnal polyuria loses this AVP (arginine vasopressin or antidiuretic
hormone) circadian rhythm which decreases the secretion of the hormone at
night time (Sakakibara et al., 2005).
Conclusion
Nocturia has detrimental impacts on the quality of life of patients. This impact
can be in both mental and physical health and are primarily caused by the
repeated interruption of sleep and the decline in sleep quality. Some mental
impacts can include the increase in stress levels, depression, anxiety and other
mental related illnesses (Weiss & Everaert, 2019). Additionally, in elderly
patients, the lack of sleep can also increase the likelihood for dementia and
other neurological depletions which impacts the long term livelihood of
patients (Weiss & Everaert, 2019). Additionally, physical impacts of poor
sleep can include high blood pressure, heart disease, day time fatigue and so
on.
Reference
OpenStax. (2018). Anatomy and physiology. Houston Texas: Rice University.
https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/25-2-gross-
anatomy-of-urine-transport
Weiss, J. P., & Everaert, K. (2019). Management of Nocturia and Nocturnal
polyuria. Urology, 133. 24-33.
https://www.goldjournal.net/article/S0090-
4295(19)30850-7/fulltext