IMG_3642

* Constricting the vocal tract near a pressure maximum (minimal velocity): * Raises the formant frequency . Examplg\:l/}:ionstriction in the lower pharynx * Constricting near a region of minimum pressure (velocity maximum): * Lowers the formant frequency * Example: A constriction at the lips | = R2/F2 20 e * The larynx produces a complex periodic sound%o and higher harmonics) * The vocal tract filters the sound source: * Harmonics near formant frequencies resonate and have high amplitudes * Harmonics far from formant frequencies are attenuated (weakened) * Speech recorded at the mouth shows both source and filter characteristics 21