ThomasMartin_LAB8
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School
National College, Princeton *
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Course
201
Subject
Aerospace Engineering
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
6
Uploaded by CorporalSheep635
Name: Thomas Martin
E-mail address:
tmarti65@vols.utk.edu
Laboratory 8 Report
Insert your table into your log. Answer the following question.
density
pipe diamet
er (m)
flow speed (m/s)
pressure
(kPa)
flow rate
Q = vA m
3
/s)
case 1
water
3
1.6
129.32
11.31
case 2
water
4.1
0.7
140.03
9.247
case 3
water
5
0.4
140.2
7.852
case 4
gasolin
e
5
0.4
128.5
7.852
Honey
5
0.4
156.52
7.852
●
Do your measurements yield the same volume flow rate for all cases?
○
No they do not, the flow rate was different among all cases except for the cases in which only the fluid density was changed. In those the flow rate remained the same
●
For a given flow rate, how does the flow speed change as the pipe diameter changes?
○
The flow speed will increase whenever the pipe diameter is decreased
●
For a given flow rate, how does the pressure at the bottom of the pipe change as the pipe diameter changes?
○
As long as those are the only 2 properties being taken into account the pressure at the bottom of the pipe will remain constant no matter the changes that are imparted onto the pipes diameter
●
For a given flow rate and pipe diameter, how does the pressure change as the fluid density changes?
○
As the fluid density increases we can expect the pressure in the pipe to increase as well, and I saw this in my results.
●
Describe the profile of the flow. Is it the same for all cases?
○
For many of the cases they are all laminar flow profiles as the particles go from their starting position entering their pipe and
would end their travel at the same corresponding position at the second pipe, this is unless friction is added to the simulation, in which case the flow profile becomes more turbulent.
Insert your table into your log. Answer the following question.
density
pipe diamet
er (m)
flow speed (m/s)
pressure
(kPa)
flow rate
Q = vA (m
3
/s)
locatio
n 1
water
4
0.4
140.06
5.028
locatio
n 2
water
2
1.6
129.29
5.004
●
Did you verify the equation of continuity?
○
Yes and since the pressure and density of the fluid remains constant throughout the flow the equation is verified I believe.
●
At which location do you measure the higher pressure? What is the pressure difference in kPa?
○
The highest pressure is measured at point 1, or the point at the middle of the pipe in my case. The difference in pressure was 10.77kpa or 10770pa
●
What is the speed of the liquid in the middle of the pipe in m/s?
○
In the center of the pipe the speed is nearly double at 1.2 m/s
●
Describe the profile of the flow. Compare it to the profile without friction.
○
The flow profile would be laminar as the particles moving through the flow the quickest are at the center of the pipe. Without friction we revert to a flow pattern where the particles
move evenly and together across the pipe with equal speed throughout.
●
Comment on the effects of friction (viscosity).
○
Friction slows the flow of the particles and the fluid near the borders of the pipe as well as where water is built up and resists the original flow.
●
Keeping everything else the same, does the flow speed of the water depend upon the height of water level in the tank?
○
Yes the height of the water level in the tank is what determines the flow speed of the water exiting the tank
●
Keeping everything else the same, does the speed of the flow of the water depend upon the height of the tank?
○
No it does not only the amount of water in the tank affects the flow speed of the water leaving it. Justify your answer by giving the numbers for the flow speed for two different water levels.
●
At the maximum height of 18m the flow speed is 14.1 m/s and on the floor or the lowest point the flow speed remains 14.1 m/s
○
However as you follow the water leaving the tank, the higher it is the faster its final flow is whenever it reaches
the ground.
●
Does the speed of the flow depend upon the fluid density?
○
No it does not affect the flow. ●
Justify your answer by describing how you checked this?
○
I checked this by leaving all other variables constant and only changing the density of the fluid ●
What happens to the stream of fluid after it leaves the tank?
○
It continues to accelerate as it travels through the air towards the ground.
●
How far (horizontally) will a stream of water travel if it exits the water tower at 14 m/s, 10 m above the ground?
○
It travels roughly 21.7 ,
(Click "Match Release", open the hole in the bottom of the
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tank, and then click "Fill". Use the yellow handle to move the tank vertically.)
During heavy exercise, the blood's volume flow rate is 5-10 times higher than when the body is at rest. Discuss different possible ways that a body
can accomplish this?
●
Is increasing blood pressure 5 - 10 times higher a viable option? What percentage increase in blood pressure is reasonable? Explain!
○
No, increasing blood pressure by that much would not be a necessarily viable option as it would be dangerous for the body
and the path the blood travels throughout.
●
Is decreasing the length of your blood vessels a viable option? Explain!
○
Decreasing the length of your blood vessels would definetly not be a viable option as the length of the blood vessels are pre determined to work in conjunction with the arteries and blood flow profiles, changing this could have very horrific consequences ●
The arterioles (small arteries) are surrounded by circular muscles. In order to increase the blood flow rate by a factor of 5, what percentage increase in the radius of a blood vessel is needed? (This is called vasodilatation.)
○
To increase your blood flow by a factor of 5 you would need to increase the radius of your blood vessel by at least 1.24 times its original radius.
●
Arteries in the human body can be constricted when plaque builds up on the inside walls. How does this affect the blood flow rate through this artery? Is it possible for the body to keep the flow rate constant? Explain!
○
As the arteries become constricted, the blood flow through the
artery would decrease. Because as resistance increases flow decreases proportionally. The body would in turn resort to vasodilation to increase the blood flow in the face of plaque build, however, there is a limit and if the build up was severe and spread throughout the body it could not keep up.
Do the experiment
! Find the speed (positive number) of the sphere.
●
Insert your data table and your plot of position versus time (with trendline) into your log.
●
●
Calculate the viscosity η of the shampoo using your measured velocity in units of poise = g/(cm-s). Use the densities in units of g/cm
3
, the speed in units of cm/s, the radius of the sphere in units of cm and g = 981 cm/s
2
.
(1 Pa-s = 1 kg/(m s) = 10 g/(cm-s) = 10 poise)
○
Whenever I calculated the viscosity n I got the following value: 14.75 poise
●
Calculate the Reynolds number R = 2ρ
fluid
r
sphere
v/η. It is a dimensionless number.
Check that the Reynolds number is less than 1, so that we are in the regime where Stokes' law is valid.
○
I found that with my data Reynolds number comes out to be approximately .44, this would indicate that we are indeed in a regime in which stoke’s law is valid
●
The table below lists typical viscosities of some viscous fluids at room temperature. Does your value for the viscosity of the shampoo
seem reasonable? Discuss.
○
Yes it does although it is on the lower end, it just means that the shampoo we used is less viscous than the other fluids in this list at room temperature.
●
Predict the terminal velocity of a sphere made of the same material but with diameter of 3/8 inch in the same fluid.
○
The terminal velocity of a sphere which is ⅜ of an inch in this same experiment would be 68.5 cm/s as compared to our original 22.1 cm/s ●
In one or two sentences, state the goal of this lab.
○
I believe that the goal of this lab was to familiarize ourselves with fluid mechanics and different flow profiles, as well as to give us hands-on practice with the different equations needed to calculate the necessary values. As well as to give us a better
understanding of concepts such as viscosity, friction, and flow profiles.
●
Make sure you completed the entire lab and answered all parts. Make sure you show your work and insert and properly labeled relevant tables and plots.
●
Add a reflection at the end of your report in a short essay format.
○
Overall this lab was a bit tough for me to complete, and I am turning this in late largely due to that, but also because I had some complications with my work schedule. However I can say that this lab was definitely one of the most interesting, and I saved the simulation we used so I could go back and tinker with it in my free time. I thought that understanding the mechanics behind how both a fluid and its resistances work was very interesting.
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