7-1 Project Two Analysis Paper FFR
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7-1 Project Two Submission: Analysis Paper Accounting Department, Lou’s Crew ACC-317 Intermediate Accounting Faith Francisco-Rios Professor: Krystal Thomas
Analysis Paper Property, Plant and Equipment (PP&E) are key long-term assets for companies and the information can be found on the company’s balance sheet. PP&E assists in calculating the revenues and profits and may also be used to assess the operations of a company as well as financial planning to include future expenses of the company. The cost of PP&E is calculated by the amount required to acquire and set up the asset (this may also include any testing to ensure the asset functions properly). Once the asset is in use, depreciation of said asset is then calculated and placed in an account known as “accumulated depreciation”. There are four accepted methods that can be used to calculate depreciation. They are: Straight-line method, declining balance, sum of the years’ digits and units of production. The straight-line method, which is also one of the most commonly used method, is calculated by taking the cost of the asset less the salvage value divided by the useful life. The declining balance method is an accelerated depreciation system that records a greater expense in the earlier years of the useful life of an asset and a much smaller expense in the end of life. This technique is most commonly used when depreciating assets that quickly become obsolete. The sum of years’ method takes the number of years of expected life and adds a digit for every year to provide the depreciation expense. For example, if the useful life is six years it would be calculated at 6+5+4+3+2+1=21. Each digit is then divided by the sum to determine the percentage of depreciation of the year. So, year one would be 6/21=0.2857 or 28.6%. Year two would be 5/21=0.2380 or 23.8% and so on. For the last method – units of production allows a company to depreciate an asset over time based on its use. The more that is produced, the higher the depreciation expense. Every company is different and needs to decide on a method that is right for them and suits their needs.
The straight-line method is the best recommendation for Lou’s Crew as it is simplest to compute and can be applied to all long-term assets. When a company has an asset that has reached its end of life or is no longer useful or repairable, it is important to dispose of the asset properly and account for it in the PP&E asset account. The salvage cost and the disposal cost must be recorded as well. If the asset was sold, the proceeds from that sale should be booked and accounted for in the respective accounts. Whether there is a loss or a gain, it needs to be recorded to ensure the accuracy of the financial statements. Goodwill is considered an intangible asset that is associated with the purchase of a company by another and represents the value that can give the acquiring company a competitive advantage (Hargrave, 2023). The brand reputation, loyal customer base and proprietary technology are some aspects of goodwill. Unlike most assets, goodwill has an infinite life, but is reviewed annually for any impairments that may occur. There are many intangible assets outside of goodwill. These are described as something that is not physical and is hard to describe or assign a value. Some examples of intangible assets are patents, trademarks, licenses, computer software and right-of-use asset. Although it does not have a physical nature, it still holds value. Intangible assets are valued as the market value and the difference between the net tangible value of the business (Cameron, 2020). Similar to depreciation, an intangible asset is “amortized’ or expensed across the useful life of the asset. Under the process of amortization, the carrying balance of the asset is visible on
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the balance sheet and is decremented until it reaches the end of its expected life. Amortization ties the cost of the asset to the revenues received from the use of it. Long-term investments are assets held by a company for a period longer than one year. Unlike short-term investments, there is a lower rate of risk and has potential for growth. One benefit of long-term investments is the profits that are gained and the future reinvestment into the company, all while paying lower taxes on those profits. In contrast to short-term investments which are treated like ordinary income and taxed as such. A long-term investment is steadier on the balance sheet and can provide a safety net for a company being evaluated by possible lenders or investors. A right-of-use asset is an intangible asset that gives a company the right to use the property during a lease period (Bragg, 2022). A ROU asset is calculated by taking the initial amount of the liability of the lease plus any prior payments made and costs incurred with the lease agreement less any incentives given by the lessor. A ROU asset is subject to amortization and starts on the date listed on the lease to the end of the lease or it’s useful life. Amortization of a ROU asset is calculated by taking the cost of the asset divided by the remaining term of the lease. Lou’s Crew should retain long-term investments as they will help the growth of the company. By keeping long-term investments on the balance sheet, it will allow access to funds if additional investors or lenders are required. It also showcases that the company has plans for the future.
FASB Codification Property, Plant and Equipment 360 Investments 32X Intangibles 350
References Amortization of intangible assets
. (2023, August 15). Wall Street Prep. https://www.wallstreetprep.com/knowledge/intangible-assets-amortization/ CFI Team. (2023, August 11). Straight line depreciation
. Corporate Finance Institute. https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/accounting/straight-line-
depreciation/ FASB accounting standards codification®
. (n.d.). FASB Accounting Standards Codification®. https://asc.fasb.org/350/tableOfContent Goodwill (Accounting): What it is, how it works, how to calculate
. (2003, November 23). Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/goodwill.asp Intangible asset - Definition, formula & example - Financial edge
. (2023, August 16). Financial Edge. https://www.fe.training/free-resources/accounting/intangible-assets/ Kenton, W. (2003, November 23). Declining balance method: What it is, depreciation formula
. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/decliningbalancemethod.asp Moss, J. (2023, June 4). Right-of-Use asset & lease liability explained W/ example
. LeaseQuery. https://leasequery.com/blog/right-of-use-asset-lease-liability-asc-842-ifrs-
16-gasb-87/ Sum of the year’s digits depreciation model - Formula, examples, journal entries
. (2022, October 18). Deskera Blog. https://www.deskera.com/blog/sum-of-the-years-
digits/#:~:text=How%20it%20works%3A,%2B2%2B1%20%3D%2015 What is the unit of production method & formula for depreciation?
(2011, January 5). Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/unit-of-production-
method.asp#:~:text=The%20unit%20of%20production%20method%20is%20a%20meth
od%20of%20calculating,years%20it%20is%20in%20use
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