ACCT 220 - Week 8 - Professional Report

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Accounting

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Nov 24, 2024

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Jean-Joseph Boni ACCT 220 Week 8 Professional Report 11/15/2022
What is an audit? An audit is a type of assurance service that lends credibility to the financial statements. For example, if a company were to put out a financial statement and investors or maybe creditors are thinking about lending money to the company, they will look at the financial statement for verify accuracy. They will verify if the amount of cash that’s on the balance sheet is that actually the amount of cash that the company has. They will also verify if the revenue in the income statement to find out how the company makes money whether its by lots of sales on credit or are the sales even legitimate sales or are they fictitious sales because the financial statements could just be wrong. There could be a mistake, the numbers could be off because of errors or miscalculating or they could be wrong due to fraud, the company could be trying to mislead investors and creditors by overstating their revenue. Why audit? When companies put out financial statement, investors or creditors are trying to trust this information so they can make informed decisions about whether to invest or lend money to this company. And to make this happen they need the help of an auditor which is an independent and third-party company which is going to put the financial statement through some test for accuracy. The auditors will try to the best of their ability to verify if whether the information in the financial statements is legitimate, does it follow generally accepted accounting principles and it free from what is called material misstatement which causes “ the financial statements not to be presented fairly in conformity with the applicable financial reporting framework” (PCAOB, n.d.). Four types of Audit Opinions
Every year companies hire auditors to come in and express an opinion regarding it financial statement, that opinion can unqualified, qualified, adverse or disclaimer. First, an unqualified opinion is actually the best opinion from the perspective of the company that’s being audited, its also called a ‘clean’ opinion which is when the auditor basically come to a conclusion that the finance statements are presented fairly in accordance to generally accepted accounting principles and there is no apparent material misstatement. Second, qualified opinion is when the auditor conclude that the statements are presented fairly except there may be a departure of GAAP which refers to “ Situations where the financial statements deviate from the established accounting criteria” (CFI, n.d.). Or there may be a scope limitation, this is when does not have all the information necessary to perform a full audit. Third, an adverse opinion is another audit opinion that is the opposite of a clean opinion. The auditor concludes that the financial statements are not presented fairly and there many material misstatements which means it cannot be reliable and investors would not trust the information. Finally, a disclaimer of opinion is when the auditor is not expressing an opinion there are many reasons for that. The auditor lacks independence, or there was an extensive scope limitation. Internal Audit vs External Audit An internal auditor is typically working for the company that is being audited. However, it may not always be the cause, sometimes the company will hire some outside firm to do an internal audit but usually the company has a staff that performs the internal auditing. These internal auditors serve as consultants, they assess risks, they identify areas where the company can improve, they ensure compliance with laws and regular and ultimately verify if the financial statements are reliable and free of fraud. On the other hand, an external auditor is never going to be an employee of the company that’s being audited. The goal of the external auditor is to
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provide and opinion as to whether the financial statements are materially misstated after running some test on it to ensure that it follows generally accepted accounting principles. In addition, the external auditor will also provide a report on the effectiveness of the company’s internal controls which is “a process, effected by an entity’s board of directors, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance” (UC San Francisco, n.d.) that the information on the financial statements are reliable. Audit Risk Model The audit risk model is a function of three different things: inherent risk, control risk, and detection risk. Inherent risk and control risk together are called the risk of material misstatement or client risk, meaning the auditors have little control over the risk however they do have control over the amount of test in the detection risk process. Audit risk is when an auditor issues incorrect opinion when there is indeed a material misstatement that exist. Next, inherent risk is the susceptibility of an assertion to material misstatement before any internal controls are applied. Conclusion Auditing is essential for business around the world because it is the only way to find out about the financial health about a company. While some financial statements can be for the entrain eyes, auditors can easily find discrepancies associated with it and help company make financially responsible decision. Ultimately, after the work of auditors is complete it is up to the company to make some change in their finances in order to be in good standing to attract creditors and/or investors.
References: PCAOB. (n.d.). Pre-reorganized auditing standards and Interpretations . Auditing Standard No. 14 Evaluating Audit Results. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from https://pcaobus.org/oversight/standards/archived-standards/pre-reorganized-auditing- standards-interpretations Corporate Finance Institute. (2022, March 6). Auditor opinions . Corporate Finance Institute. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/accounting/auditor-opinions/ UC San Francisco. (n.d.). Internal controls . Audit & Advisory Services. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from https://audit.ucsf.edu/internal-controls