3D4 - Litigation, Claims, and Assessments
docx
keyboard_arrow_up
School
University of Illinois, Chicago *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
435
Subject
Accounting
Date
Nov 24, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
3
Uploaded by JusticeCapybaraMaster1521
3D4 – Litigation, Claims, and Assessments
Pending or Threatened Litigation, Claims, and Assessments
-
Consider the following factors to determine accrual and/or disclosure:
o
The period in which the underlying cause occurred
o
Degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome
o
Ability to make a reasonable estimate of the amount of loss
Accrual NOT Always Warranted
-
Do NOT accrue if the underlying cause is an event or condition occurring after the
date of the F/S but before issued or available for issuance
o
E.g., suit for damages alleged to have occurred as a result of an accident
after the F/S date
o
Disclosure MAY still be REQUIRED
Assessing Probability of Incurrence of Litigation, Claim or Assessment Loss
-
Factors to consider:
o
Nature of litigation, claim, or assessment
o
Progress of the case, including after the F/S date but before issuance or available for
issuance
o
Experience of the entity in similar cases
o
Experience of other entities in similar cases
o
Views of management, legal counsel, and other advisors
Considering Limitations in Views of Others in Loss Assessment
-
Opinions/views of legal counsel or other advisors
o
The fact that legal counsel is unable to express an opinion that the outcome will be
FAVORABLE to the entity SHOULD NOT necessarily mean that loss probability condition
is met.
-
Any decision of management regarding intent to respond to the lawsuit, claim or assessment
does NOT preclude accrual or disclosure – but can influence range of estimate of loss
o
E.g., decision to contest the case vigorously or a decision to seek an out-of-court
settlement
Auditing Litigation, Claims, and Assessments
-
INQUIRE of policies and procedures for identifying, evaluating, and accounting for litigation,
claims and assessments
-
OBTAIN a description and evaluation of relevant conditions, including identification of matters
referred to legal counsel
-
OBTAIN written assurance from management that all matters REQUIRED to be disclosed have
been included
-
EXAMINE relevant documents, including correspondence
-
CONSIDER sending inquiry to internal and/or external legal counsel, and perform alternate
procedures if NOT sent
Attorney’s or Legal Letter
-
Corroborates information furnished by management
-
Auditor is REQUIRED to seek direct communications with any external legal counsel if the risk of
material misstatement indicates that material litigation and claims MAY exist
o
Sufficient appropriate evidence MAY be obtained without obtaining an external legal
letter
May NOT Provide Sufficient Detail About Likelihood and Magnitude
-
Auditor MAY REQUIRE further evidence to support conclusions
-
In-house counsel does NOT substitute for refusal to communicate NECESSARY information by
external counsel
-
Scope limitation if management refuses allowing communication
Legal Inquiry – Audit Objectives
-
Identify conditions or circumstances that warrant further analysis
-
Determine the period in which the underlying cause of legal action occurred
o
To determine whether an accrual or disclosure event
-
Evaluate management’s assertions related to the probability of an unfavorable outcome and the
amount of range of potential loss
Elements of Legal Letter
-
Nature of the litigation
-
Progress any cases to date
-
How the entity is responding, or intends to respond
-
Evaluation of the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome
-
Evaluation of any estimate of the amount or range of loss
-
Statement that the list of matters is complete
-
Confirm that management has been informed of any claims requiring disclosure
Dating of Lawyer’s Response
-
It is preferable for the legal letter to be dated to cover a period that
closely corresponds to the
auditor’s report date
o
Usually within 10 business days of the audit report date
-
If letter does NOT specify an effective date, assume date of the response is the effective date
-
Consider getting updated response
o
May be oral, if properly documented
o
If significant events or occurrences, consider obtaining in writing
Question #1
Auditors SHOULD request that an audit client send a letter of inquiry to those attorney who have been
consulted concerning litigation, claims, or assessments. The primary reason for this request is to provide:
a)
Information concerning the progress of cases to date
b)
Corroborative evidence of management’s assertions
c)
An estimate of the dollar amount of the probable loss
d)
An expert opinion as to whether a loss is possible, probable, or remote
Question #2
The scope of an audit is NOT RESTRICTED when an attorney’s response to an auditor as a result of a
client’s letter of audit inquiry limits the response to:
a)
Matters to which the attorney has given substantive attention in the form of legal
representation
b)
An evaluation of the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome of the matters disclosed by the entity
c)
The attorney’s opinion of the entity’s historical experience in recent similar litigation
d)
The probable outcome of asserted claims and pending or threatened litigation
Question #3
The primary reason an auditor requests letters of inquiry be sent to a client’s attorneys is to provide the
auditor with:
a)
The probable outcome of asserted claims and pending or threatened litigation
b)
Corroboration of the information furnished by management about litigation, claims, and
assessments
c)
The attorneys’ opinions of the client’s historical experiences in recent similar litigation
d)
A description and evaluation of litigation, claims, and assessments that existed at the balance
sheet date
Question #4
The refusal of a client’s attorney to provide information requested in an inquiry letter generally is
considered:
a)
Grounds for an adverse opinion
b)
A limitation on the scope of the audit
c)
Required reason to withdraw from the engagement
d)
Equivalent to a significant deficiency
Question #5
Which of the following procedures most
likely would assist an auditor to identify litigation, claims, and
assessments?
a)
Inspect checks included with the client’s cutoff bank statement
b)
Obtain a letter of representations from the client’s underwriter of securities
c)
Apply ratio analysis on the current-year’s liability accounts
d)
Read the file of correspondence from taxing authorities
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
Related Documents
Related Questions
Which of the following statements about contingent liabilities is incorrect?
Group of answer choices
A)A disclosure note is required when the loss is reasonably possible and the amount cannot be reasonably estimated.
B)A disclosure note is required when the loss is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated.
C)A disclosure note is required when the loss is reasonably possible and the amount can be reasonably estimated.
D)A disclosure note is required when the loss is remote and the amount can be accurately estimated.
E)All of the above statements are correct.
arrow_forward
When is a contingent liability is reported?
Select one:
when the likelihood of the loss is reasonably possible and a range of outcomes can be estimated
when the future events will possibly occur, and the amount of the loss is material
when the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated
when the likelihood of the loss is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated
arrow_forward
When recognizing a contingent liability, if the future event is probable (likely) and the amount can be reasonably estimated, what are we required to do?
A.Group of answer choices
B.Do not record or disclose
C.Record the liability
D. Disclose in notes on financial statements
arrow_forward
Part a. The two basic requirements for the accrual of a loss contingency are supported by several basic concepts of accounting. Three of these concepts are the period of time assumption, the recognition principle, and the qualitative characteristic of verifiability.
Required:
Discuss how the two basic requirements for the accrual of a loss contingency relate to the three concepts mentioned above.
Part b. The following three independent sets of facts relate to (1) the possible accrual or (2) the possible disclosure by other means of a loss contingency.
Situation I
A company offers a 1-year assurance-type warranty for the product that it manufactures. A history of warranty claims has been compiled and the probable amount of claims related to sales for a given period can be determined.
Situation II
Subsequent to the date of a set of financial statements, but prior to the issuance of the financial statements, a company enters into a contract that will probably result in a significant…
arrow_forward
Assuming proper accounting disclosure is used, a large, extraordinary loss has wha
Multiple Choice
O
O
O
More information is needed to determine the effect.
It lowers it.
It raises it.
It has no effect.
arrow_forward
Management can estimate the amount of loss that will occur due to litigation against the company. If the likelihood of loss is reasonably likely, a contingent liability should be:
A) Disclosed but not reported
B) Neither disclosed or reported as a liability
C) Disclosed and reported as a liability
D) Reported as a liability but not disclosed
arrow_forward
Which of the following sets of conditions would give rise to the accrual of a contingency under
current generally accepted accounting principles?
Group of answer choices
Amount of loss is reasonably estimable and event occurs infrequently.
Amount of loss is reasonably estimable and occurrence of event is probable.
Event is unusual in nature and occurrence of event is probable.
Event is unusual in nature and event occurs infrequently.
arrow_forward
Part a. The two basic requirements for the accrual of a loss contingency are supported by several basic concepts of accounting.Three of these concepts are the period of time assumption the recognition principle and the qualitative characteristic of verifiability.
Required:
Discuss how the two basic requirements for the accrual of a loss contingency relate to the tree concepts mentioned above.
Part b. The following three independent sets of facts relate to (1) the possible accrual or (2) the possible disclosure by other means of a loss contingency
Situation I
A company offers a 1 year assurance type warranty for the product that it manufactures. A history of warranty claims has been compiled and the probable amount of claims related to slaes for a given period can be determined.
Situation II
Subsequent to the date of a set financial staements, but prior to the issuance of the financial statements, a company enters into a contract that will probably result in a significant loss to the…
arrow_forward
Which of the following is a characteristic of a current liability but not a long-term liability?
a. Liquidation is reasonably expected to require use of existing resources classified as current assets or create other current liabilities.
b. Unavoidable obligation.
c. Transaction or other event creating the liability has already occurred.
d. Present obligation that entails settlement by probable future transfer or use of cash, goods, or services.
arrow_forward
Which of the following statements is false?a. A contingent liability should be disclosed in the notes to the financial statements if thereis a reasonable possibility that a loss (or expense) will occur.b. All contingent liabilities should be reported as liabilities on the financial statements,even those that are unlikely to occur.c. A contingent liability is a potential obligation that depends on the future outcome of pastevents.d. A contingent liability should be accrued if the loss is probable and the amount of theloss can be reasonably estimated.
arrow_forward
Which of the following statements about Loss Contingencies is TRUE?
According to the practice of accounting conservatism, contingency losses do not have to be accrued until they are confirmed, while contingency gains have to be recorded when the event confirming their receipt is probable.
Remote Losses do not require disclosure.
According to the U.S. GAAP, a loss contingency must be accrued by a charge to income if any of the two conditions is met: 1) it is probable that an asset has been impaired, or a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements; 2) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.
If a loss is probable but cannot be estimated, it shall not be disclosed in the financial statements.
arrow_forward
Which of the following approaches is used to determine the recognition of an
impairment loss of financial assets?
Select the best answer.
a. O An approach that reflects the losses expected over the contractual life of the
asset
b. A loan is impaired if it is more likely than not that a creditor will be unable to
collect all amounts due.
c. A dual-measurement expected credit loss approach that is based on a financial
asset's credit risk at inception and changes in credit risk from inception, as well
as the applicability of certain practical expedients
d. O Present value of contractual cash flows approach
arrow_forward
Management can estimate the amount of loss that will occur due to litigation against the company. If the likelihood of loss is reasonably possible, a contingent liability should be a. Disclosed but not reported as a liability. b. Disclosed and reported as a liability. c. Neither disclosed nor reported as a liability. d. Reported as a liability but not disclosed.
arrow_forward
18. Which of the following contingencies is usually not accrued in the accounts?
a. uninsured risk of property loss by fire or other hazardsb. guarantees of indebtedness of othersc. noncollectibility of receivablesd. agreements to repurchase receivables that have been sold
arrow_forward
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you

Auditing: A Risk Based-Approach (MindTap Course L...
Accounting
ISBN:9781337619455
Author:Karla M Johnstone, Audrey A. Gramling, Larry E. Rittenberg
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Intermediate Accounting: Reporting And Analysis
Accounting
ISBN:9781337788281
Author:James M. Wahlen, Jefferson P. Jones, Donald Pagach
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Related Questions
- Which of the following statements about contingent liabilities is incorrect? Group of answer choices A)A disclosure note is required when the loss is reasonably possible and the amount cannot be reasonably estimated. B)A disclosure note is required when the loss is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. C)A disclosure note is required when the loss is reasonably possible and the amount can be reasonably estimated. D)A disclosure note is required when the loss is remote and the amount can be accurately estimated. E)All of the above statements are correct.arrow_forwardWhen is a contingent liability is reported? Select one: when the likelihood of the loss is reasonably possible and a range of outcomes can be estimated when the future events will possibly occur, and the amount of the loss is material when the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated when the likelihood of the loss is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimatedarrow_forwardWhen recognizing a contingent liability, if the future event is probable (likely) and the amount can be reasonably estimated, what are we required to do? A.Group of answer choices B.Do not record or disclose C.Record the liability D. Disclose in notes on financial statementsarrow_forward
- Part a. The two basic requirements for the accrual of a loss contingency are supported by several basic concepts of accounting. Three of these concepts are the period of time assumption, the recognition principle, and the qualitative characteristic of verifiability. Required: Discuss how the two basic requirements for the accrual of a loss contingency relate to the three concepts mentioned above. Part b. The following three independent sets of facts relate to (1) the possible accrual or (2) the possible disclosure by other means of a loss contingency. Situation I A company offers a 1-year assurance-type warranty for the product that it manufactures. A history of warranty claims has been compiled and the probable amount of claims related to sales for a given period can be determined. Situation II Subsequent to the date of a set of financial statements, but prior to the issuance of the financial statements, a company enters into a contract that will probably result in a significant…arrow_forwardAssuming proper accounting disclosure is used, a large, extraordinary loss has wha Multiple Choice O O O More information is needed to determine the effect. It lowers it. It raises it. It has no effect.arrow_forwardManagement can estimate the amount of loss that will occur due to litigation against the company. If the likelihood of loss is reasonably likely, a contingent liability should be: A) Disclosed but not reported B) Neither disclosed or reported as a liability C) Disclosed and reported as a liability D) Reported as a liability but not disclosedarrow_forward
- Which of the following sets of conditions would give rise to the accrual of a contingency under current generally accepted accounting principles? Group of answer choices Amount of loss is reasonably estimable and event occurs infrequently. Amount of loss is reasonably estimable and occurrence of event is probable. Event is unusual in nature and occurrence of event is probable. Event is unusual in nature and event occurs infrequently.arrow_forwardPart a. The two basic requirements for the accrual of a loss contingency are supported by several basic concepts of accounting.Three of these concepts are the period of time assumption the recognition principle and the qualitative characteristic of verifiability. Required: Discuss how the two basic requirements for the accrual of a loss contingency relate to the tree concepts mentioned above. Part b. The following three independent sets of facts relate to (1) the possible accrual or (2) the possible disclosure by other means of a loss contingency Situation I A company offers a 1 year assurance type warranty for the product that it manufactures. A history of warranty claims has been compiled and the probable amount of claims related to slaes for a given period can be determined. Situation II Subsequent to the date of a set financial staements, but prior to the issuance of the financial statements, a company enters into a contract that will probably result in a significant loss to the…arrow_forwardWhich of the following is a characteristic of a current liability but not a long-term liability? a. Liquidation is reasonably expected to require use of existing resources classified as current assets or create other current liabilities. b. Unavoidable obligation. c. Transaction or other event creating the liability has already occurred. d. Present obligation that entails settlement by probable future transfer or use of cash, goods, or services.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is false?a. A contingent liability should be disclosed in the notes to the financial statements if thereis a reasonable possibility that a loss (or expense) will occur.b. All contingent liabilities should be reported as liabilities on the financial statements,even those that are unlikely to occur.c. A contingent liability is a potential obligation that depends on the future outcome of pastevents.d. A contingent liability should be accrued if the loss is probable and the amount of theloss can be reasonably estimated.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about Loss Contingencies is TRUE? According to the practice of accounting conservatism, contingency losses do not have to be accrued until they are confirmed, while contingency gains have to be recorded when the event confirming their receipt is probable. Remote Losses do not require disclosure. According to the U.S. GAAP, a loss contingency must be accrued by a charge to income if any of the two conditions is met: 1) it is probable that an asset has been impaired, or a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements; 2) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. If a loss is probable but cannot be estimated, it shall not be disclosed in the financial statements.arrow_forwardWhich of the following approaches is used to determine the recognition of an impairment loss of financial assets? Select the best answer. a. O An approach that reflects the losses expected over the contractual life of the asset b. A loan is impaired if it is more likely than not that a creditor will be unable to collect all amounts due. c. A dual-measurement expected credit loss approach that is based on a financial asset's credit risk at inception and changes in credit risk from inception, as well as the applicability of certain practical expedients d. O Present value of contractual cash flows approacharrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Auditing: A Risk Based-Approach (MindTap Course L...AccountingISBN:9781337619455Author:Karla M Johnstone, Audrey A. Gramling, Larry E. RittenbergPublisher:Cengage LearningIntermediate Accounting: Reporting And AnalysisAccountingISBN:9781337788281Author:James M. Wahlen, Jefferson P. Jones, Donald PagachPublisher:Cengage Learning

Auditing: A Risk Based-Approach (MindTap Course L...
Accounting
ISBN:9781337619455
Author:Karla M Johnstone, Audrey A. Gramling, Larry E. Rittenberg
Publisher:Cengage Learning

Intermediate Accounting: Reporting And Analysis
Accounting
ISBN:9781337788281
Author:James M. Wahlen, Jefferson P. Jones, Donald Pagach
Publisher:Cengage Learning