Chapter MS, Problem 16PQ

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The predicted $\text{C-N-H}$ bond angle has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

The process of intermixing of atomic orbitals of same atom to form an equal number of hybrid orbitals is called hybridization. Such hybrid orbitals have same energy and same shape. It is determined by evaluation of number of hybrid orbitals $\left(\text{X}\right)$ of an atom.

The formula to calculate $\text{X}$ is as follows:

  $\text{X=}\frac{1}{2}\left[\text{VE}+\text{MA}-c+a\right]$        (1)

Here,

  $\text{VE}$ is total number of valence electrons of central atom.

  $\text{MA}$ is number of monovalent atoms/groups that surround central atom.

  $c$ is charge on cation if given species is polyatomic cation.

  $a$ is charge on anion if given species is polyatomic anion.

The type of hybridization that corresponds to different number of hybrid orbitals is depicted in following table:

$\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{l}\text{Number of}\\ \text{hybrid orbitals}\end{array}& \text{Hybridization}\\ 2& sp\\ 3& s{p}^2\\ 4& s{p}^3\\ 5& s{p}^{3}d\\ 6& s{p}^3{d}^2\end{array}$

The bond angle is angle that exists between two bonded electron pairs or simply between two bonds. It is angle that is formed between three atoms with at least two bonds. It is major contributor to shape of molecule and is helpful to predict difference between various geometries of molecules.