Chapter B.1, Problem 36E

(a)

To determine

To find: The graph which is misleading.

Answer to Problem 36E

First graph is misleading.

Explanation of Solution

Given information:

  

First graph has interval difference = 10 and second graph has interval difference = 2.4.

In second graph, we can clearly see the change in company profits in fourth month due to having less interval difference.

From first graph, we conclude that profits are increasing without any downfall.

But we can see from second graph the changes occur in fourth month.

Thus, first graph is misleading.

(b)

To determine

To find: The other ways in which graphs can be misleading.

Explanation of Solution

1. Excessive usage: The use of graphs where they are not needed can lead to unnecessary confusion/interpretation. Generally, the more explanation a graph needs, the less the graph itself is needed. Graphs do not always convey information better than tables.
2. Biased labeling: The use of biased or loaded words in the graph’s title, axis labels, or caption may inappropriately prime the reader.
3. Fabricated trends: Similarly, attempting to draw trend lines through uncorrelated data may mislead the reader into believing a trend exists where there is none. This can be both the result of intentionally attempting to mislead the reader, or due to the phenomenon of illusory correlation.

(c)

To determine

To find: The reason for someone to use a misleading graph.

Explanation of Solution

Misleading graphs may be created intentionally to hinder the proper interpretation of data or accidentally due to unfamiliarity with graphing software, misinterpretation of data, or because data cannot be accurately conveyed. Misleading graphs are often used in false advertising.