A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.

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a. On this first grid, assume that the DNA and RNA templates are read left to right. DNA DNA mRNA codon tRNA anticodon polypeptide _strand strand C с A T G A U G C A TRP b. Now do this AGAIN assuming that the DNA and RNA templates are read right to left. DNA DNA strand strand C mRNA codon tRNA anticodon polypeptide 0 A T G A U G с A TRP

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.

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Answer 5

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.

Answer 6

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.

Answer 7

Chapter 9.5, Problem 12SAQ

Summary Introduction

A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.

In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.