Chapter 9, Problem 9.25P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The balanced nuclear equation needs to be written and the emitted radiation should be determined for Berylium-10 to Boron-10.

Concept Introduction:

An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable, but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occurs due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission and gamma emission.

1. Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus.
2. Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule.
3. Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule.
4. Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule.

Answer to Problem 9.25P

Beta emission- Beryllium-10 to Boron-10.

${}^{10}B\text{e}{\to }^{10}B+\text{e}$.

Explanation of Solution

Beryllium-10- ${}^{10}B\text{e}$ is an isotope of beryllium contains 4 protons and six neutrons. This isotope of beryllium is unstable and decay rapidly. Its decay emits one neutron and results into boron-10 with five protons and five neutrons. This radiation is called as beta emission.

${}^{10}B\text{e}{\to }^{10}B+\text{e}$.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The balanced nuclear equation needs to be written and the emitted radiation should be determined for Europium- ${151}^m$ to Europium-151.

Concept Introduction:

An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction.The emissions occurs due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission and gamma emission.

1. Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus.
2. Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule.
3. Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule.
4. Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule.

Answer to Problem 9.25P

Gamma emission- Europium- ${151}^m$ to Europium-151.

$\text{e}u\to \text{e}u+\gamma$.

Explanation of Solution

Europium- ${151}^m$ is an isotope of europium which contains unstable nucleus and to get stable it emits gamma radiation and achieves low energy state in form of Europium-151.

$\text{e}u\to \text{e}u+\gamma$.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The balanced nuclear equation need to be written and the emitted radiation should be determined for Thalium-195 to Mercury-195.

Concept Introduction:

An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occurs due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission and gamma emission.

1. Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus.
2. Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule.
3. Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule.
4. Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule.

Answer to Problem 9.25P

Positron emission- Thalium-195 to Mercury-195.

${}^{195}T\text{H}{\to }^{195}\text{H}g+\text{e}$.

Explanation of Solution

Thallium-195 contains 81 protons and 123 neutrons and emits one positron that is an electron but positively charged and results into a new molecule with one number less atomic mass as mercury-195.

${}^{195}T\text{H}{\to }^{195}\text{H}g+\text{e}$.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The balanced nuclear equation need to be written and the emitted radiation should be determined for Plutonium-239 to uranium-235.

Concept Introduction:

An element containing isotopes which are emitting radiations are known as radioactive isotopes. This can emit radiation because of instability its nuclei. Isotopes which are having balance numbers of protons and neutrons are stable but the serious imbalance can lead to nuclear reaction. The emissions occurs due to nuclear reactions are alpha emission, beta emission, positron emission and gamma emission.

1. Alpha emission is an emission of helium nucleus (2 Protons and 2 neutrons) from the elements to stabilize the nucleus.
2. Beta emission is an emission of beta particle as electron from nucleus of molecule.
3. Positron emission is an emission in electron with positive charge is emitted by nucleus of molecule.
4. Gamma radiation is only access energy from nucleus is emitted to stabilize nucleus of molecule.

Answer to Problem 9.25P

Alpha emission- Plutonium-239 to uranium-235.

$Pu\to U+\text{H}\text{e}$.

Explanation of Solution

Plutonium- 239 contains 94 protons and 145 neutrons. It undergoes alpha emission that emits helium nucleus and converted into uranium-235 with 92 protons and 143 neutrons.

$Pu\to U+\text{H}\text{e}$.