Introductory Chemistry (6th Edition)
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780134302386
Author: Nivaldo J. Tro
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9, Problem 91E
Use the electron configurations of the alkaline earth metals to explain why they tend to form 2 + ions.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Introductory Chemistry (6th Edition)
Ch. 9 - Q1. Which set of wavelengths for light are...Ch. 9 - Which of the listed types of electromagnetic...Ch. 9 - Q3. Which electron transition in the Bohr model...Ch. 9 - What is the electron configuration of arsenic...Ch. 9 - Which orbital diagram corresponds to phosphorus...Ch. 9 - Q6. How many valence electrons does tellurium (Te)...Ch. 9 - Q7. The element sulfur forms an ion with what...Ch. 9 - Order the elements Sr, Ca, and Se in order of...Ch. 9 - Which of the listed elements has the highest...Ch. 9 - Q10. Which of the listed elements is most...
Ch. 9 - Which property decreases as you move down a column...Ch. 9 - Q12. When aluminum forms an ion, it loses...Ch. 9 - 1. When were the Bohr model the quantum-mechanical...Ch. 9 - 2. What is light? How fast does light travel?
Ch. 9 - 3. What is white light? Colored light?
Ch. 9 - Explain in terms of absorbed and reflected light,...Ch. 9 - What is the relationship between the wavelength of...Ch. 9 - 6. List some sources of gamma rays.
Ch. 9 - How are X-rays used?Ch. 9 - Why should excess exposure to gamma rays and...Ch. 9 - Why should excess exposure to ultraviolet light be...Ch. 9 - What objects emit infrared light? What technology...Ch. 9 - Why do microwave ovens heat food but tend not to...Ch. 9 - 12 .What type of electromagnetic radiation is used...Ch. 9 - Describe the Bohr model for the hydrogen atom.Ch. 9 - 14. What is an emission spectrum? Use the Bohr...Ch. 9 - 15. Explain the difference between a Bohr orbit...Ch. 9 - 16. What is the difference between the ground...Ch. 9 - 17. Explain how the motion of an electron is...Ch. 9 - 18. Why do quantum-mechanical orbital have “fuzzy”...Ch. 9 - 19. List the four possible subshells in the...Ch. 9 - 20. List the quantum-mechanical orbitals through...Ch. 9 - Prob. 21ECh. 9 - Prob. 22ECh. 9 - Within an electron configuration. What do symbols...Ch. 9 - Explain the difference between valence electrons...Ch. 9 - Identify each block in the blank periodic table....Ch. 9 - Prob. 26ECh. 9 - Prob. 27ECh. 9 - Prob. 28ECh. 9 - Prob. 29ECh. 9 - How far does light travel in each time period? a....Ch. 9 - 31. Which type of electromagnetic radiation has...Ch. 9 - 32. Which type of electromagnetic radiation has...Ch. 9 - List the types of electromagnetic radiation in...Ch. 9 - List the types of electromagnetic radiation in...Ch. 9 - List two types of electromagnetic radiation with...Ch. 9 - List two types of electromagnetic radiation with...Ch. 9 - List these three types of radiationinfrared,...Ch. 9 - List these three types of electromagnetic...Ch. 9 - Prob. 39ECh. 9 - 40. In the Bohr model, what happens when an...Ch. 9 - 41. Two of the emission wavelengths in the...Ch. 9 - 42. Two of the emission wavelengths in the...Ch. 9 - 43. Sketch the 1s and 2p orbitals. How do the 2s...Ch. 9 - Sketch the 3d orbitals. How do the 4d orbitals...Ch. 9 - Which electron is, on average closer to the...Ch. 9 - 46. Which electron is, on average, farther from...Ch. 9 - 47. According to the quantum-mechanical model for...Ch. 9 - Prob. 48ECh. 9 - 49. Write full electron configuration for each...Ch. 9 - 50. Write full electron configurations for each...Ch. 9 - 51. Write full orbital diagrams and indicate the...Ch. 9 - Write full orbital diagrams and indicate the...Ch. 9 - Write electron configurations for each element....Ch. 9 - Write electron configurations for each element....Ch. 9 - Prob. 55ECh. 9 - Prob. 56ECh. 9 - Write full electron configurations and indicate...Ch. 9 - 58. Write full electron configurations and...Ch. 9 - Write orbital diagrams for the valence electrons...Ch. 9 - 60. Write orbital diagrams for the valence...Ch. 9 - How many valence electrons are in each element? a....Ch. 9 - 62. How many valence electrons are in each...Ch. 9 - 63. List the outer electron configuration for each...Ch. 9 - Prob. 64ECh. 9 - Prob. 65ECh. 9 - Use the periodic table to write electron...Ch. 9 - Use the periodic table to write electron...Ch. 9 - 68. Use the periodic table to write electron...Ch. 9 - Prob. 69ECh. 9 - How many 3d electrons are in an atom of each...Ch. 9 - Prob. 71ECh. 9 - Prob. 72ECh. 9 - Name the element in the third period (row) of the...Ch. 9 - 74. Name the element in the fourth period of the...Ch. 9 - 75. Use the periodic table to identify the element...Ch. 9 - 76. Use the periodic table to identify the element...Ch. 9 - 77. Choose the element with the higher ionization...Ch. 9 - Choose the element with the higher ionization...Ch. 9 - Arrange the elements in order of increasing...Ch. 9 - 80. Arrange the elements in order of increasing...Ch. 9 - 81. Choose the element with the larger atoms from...Ch. 9 - Choose the element with the larger atoms from each...Ch. 9 - Prob. 83ECh. 9 - Prob. 84ECh. 9 - 85. Choose the more metallic element from each...Ch. 9 - Choose the more metallic element from each pair....Ch. 9 - 87. Arrange these elements in order of increasing...Ch. 9 - Arrange these elements in order of increasing...Ch. 9 - What is the maximum number of electrons that can...Ch. 9 - 90. What is the maximum number of electrons that...Ch. 9 - Use the electron configurations of the alkaline...Ch. 9 - Prob. 92ECh. 9 - Write the electron configuration for each ion....Ch. 9 - Write the electron configuration for each ion....Ch. 9 - Prob. 95ECh. 9 - 96. Examine Figure 4.14, which shows the elements...Ch. 9 - Prob. 97ECh. 9 - Identify what is wrong with each electron...Ch. 9 - Prob. 99ECh. 9 - Prob. 100ECh. 9 - Prob. 101ECh. 9 - Based on periodic trends, which one of these...Ch. 9 - When an electron makes a transition from n=3 to...Ch. 9 - Prob. 104ECh. 9 - The distance from the sun to Earth is 1.496108 km....Ch. 9 - Prob. 106ECh. 9 - 107. The wave nature of matter was first proposed...Ch. 9 - 108. The particle nature of light was first...Ch. 9 - Prob. 109ECh. 9 - When atoms lose more than one electron, the...Ch. 9 - 111. Excessive exposure to sunlight increases the...Ch. 9 - 112. The quantum-mechanical model, besides...Ch. 9 - Prob. 113QGWCh. 9 - 116. Using grammatically correct sentences,...Ch. 9 - 117. The first graph shown here is of the first...
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- • use electron configurations to explain why metals tend to form cations whereas nonmetals tend to form anions.arrow_forwardWhat is a valence shell?arrow_forwardUsing the terms atomic radius, and nuclear charge, explain why the elements on the right side of the periodic table typically have greater electronegativity value than those on the left side.arrow_forward
- Use Lewis electron-dot symbols to depict the ions formed from Cesium and Sulfur and predict the formula of the ionic compound they form.arrow_forwardSuppose a chemist discovers a new metallic element and names it "Xtrinsium" (Xt). Xt exhibits chemical behaviour similar to an alkaline earth. Xt(s) + F2(g) → XtF2(s) Lattice energy for XtF2 -2360. kJ/mol First Ionization energy of Xt 520. kJ/mol Second Ionization energy of Xt 936 kJ/mol Electron affinity of F -327.8 kJ/mol Bond energy of F2 154 kJ/mol Enthalpy of sublimation (atomization) of Xt 180. kJ/mol Use the above data to calculate ΔH°f for Xtrinsium fluoride.arrow_forwardExplain the term "electron sea" in terms of metallic bonding and use it explain one of the properties (such as malleability or conductivity) of a metal such as copper.arrow_forward
- a)Compare the electrón affinity of flouorine to the ionization energy if sodium. Does the process of the eletron being “pulled” from the sodium atom to the fluorine atom have a negative or a positive E? Why is NaF a stable compound? Does the overall formation of NaF have a negative of positive E? How can this be? b) How does the concept of ionic bonding account for the properties of ionic compounds?arrow_forwardWrite the electron configuration for a neutral atom of potassium. C.arrow_forwardDefine ionization energy and electron affinity. Based on the two quantities, determine which elements are expected to form covalent compounds. Explain your answers. aluminum, barium, cesium, chlorine, fluorine, lithium, nitrogen, oxygenarrow_forward
- The pattern that emerges for many atoms (and especially C, N, O, F) is sometimes referred to as the "octet rule." Hydrogen follows the same pattern, but there is no "octet" of electrons for hydrogen. Use electron configurations to explain why hydrogen is following the same pattern. Use the term "closed shell" in the explanation.arrow_forwardBased on their electron shell configurations, give an explanation for why all halogens in ionic compounds have a -1 charge.arrow_forwardHow do Group VIA elements form ions? A) They lose protons B) They gain two protons C) They lose two electrons D) They gain two electrons Which substance consists of anions and cations? A) CaF2, Calcium Fluoride B) Br2, Bromine C) Ag, Silver D) SiO2, Silicon Dioxide A newly discovered element is assigned to Group VIIA (Group 7A) in the periodic table. What charge will ions of this new element have? A) 1- B) 2- C) 1+ D) 2+ Reactions occur when atoms, ions or molecules collide. In a reaction between magnesium and bromine atoms, how many atoms of bromine will react per atom of magnesium? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Which compound exists as a solid crystal lattice of cations and anions at room temperature? A) BrCl B) CaCl2 C) SCl2 D) SiCl4arrow_forward
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