BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781264839698
Author: Raven
Publisher: MCG CUSTOM
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9, Problem 8U
Which of the following best describes the immediate effect of ligand binding to a G protein–coupled receptor?
The G protein trimer releases a GDP and binds a GTP.
The G protein trimer dissociates from the receptor.
The G protein trimer interacts with an effector protein.
The α subunit of the G protein becomes phosphorylated.
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The G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway elicits diverse intracellular responses in different cells. The basic steps of GPCR signaling are outlined in this diagram.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of GPCR signaling?
The GPCR activation is reversible after the signal of the ligand diminishes.
The membrane-embedded enzyme uses GTP as a secondary messenger to initiate gene expression.
The ligand attaches to both the GPCR and the membrane-embedded enzyme to activate the GPCR pathway.
The ligand-bound GPCR sends a GTP molecule to an enzyme in the membrane and switches it into an active state.
Arrange the following in correct order in which G-protein coupled receptor systems are activated:
Drug
Receptor
Protein kinase A
Adenylyl cyclase
G-protein
Cellular response
Cholera toxins, produced by the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio cholerae, disrupt G Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways. They interfere with...
the ability of the beta subunit of a G protein to bind to the GPCR
the ability of the gamma subunit of a G protein to exchange GDP for GTP
the ability of the beta subunit of a G protein to bind to an effector protein
the ability of the alpha subunit of a G protein to hydrolyze GTP to GDP
Chapter 9 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 9.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 9.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 9.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 9.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 9.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 9.4 - Describe how information crosses the membrane in...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 9.4 - Prob. 4LOCh. 9.5 - Prob. 1LO
Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 9 - Paracrine signaling is characterized by ligands...Ch. 9 - Signal transduction pathways a. are necessary for...Ch. 9 - The function of a ____is to add phosphates to...Ch. 9 - Which of the following receptor types is NOT a...Ch. 9 - How does the function of an intracellular receptor...Ch. 9 - Signaling through receptor tyrosine kinases often...Ch. 9 - Prob. 7UCh. 9 - Which of the following best describes the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 1ACh. 9 - The ion Ca2+ can act as a second messenger because...Ch. 9 - Different receptors can have the same effect on a...Ch. 9 - In comparing small G proteins like Ras and GPCR...Ch. 9 - Prob. 5ACh. 9 - The receptors for steroid hormones and peptide...Ch. 9 - Describe the common features found in all examples...Ch. 9 - The sheet of cells that form the gut epithelium...
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- Outline the three general means by which binding of a water soluble extracellular chemical messenger to its matching surface membrane receptor brings about the desired intracellular response.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements most accurately describes what happens when an antagonist binds to a receptor? The antagonist binds non-covalently to the receptor and promotes internalisation of the receptor. Antagonist binding alters the structure of the receptor making it unable to function normally. At sufficiently high concentrations the antagonist can prevent the receptor from binding to its natural (endogenous) ligand. The antagonist-receptor complex binds to a heterotrimeric G protein forming a stable and inactive ternary complex.arrow_forward. which of the following statements about heterotrimetric G proteins and their receptors is incorrect? A: when GTP binds to the alpha subunit of the G protein, the beta-gamma subunit dissociates from the alpha subunit B: G-protein coupled receptors contain nine transmembrane alpha helices C: binding of arrestin causes removal of the receptor from the membrane D: G protein- coupled receptors may be desensitized by serine phosphorylation I had chosen option A and got it wrong. What is the Correct answer and explain how it is. Also, where did i go wrong in choosing option A?arrow_forward
- Name three features common to the activation of cytokine receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Name one difference with respect to the enzyme activity of these receptors.arrow_forwardAn SH2-containing protein contains a mutation that changes its binding pocket such that tyrosine and phosphotyrosine bind with equal affinity. As a result, MEK activity: does not change with receptor dimerization and transautophosphorylation decreases due to changes in Raf activation increases with ligand binding-induced dimerization decreases due to allosteric inhibition of SH2-domain bindingarrow_forwardYou are studying a drug that affects a cAMP signalling pathway that is normally initiated when a signalling molecule binds to a G-protein coupled receptor. You determine that the drug prevents the hydrolysis of GTP bound to G-proteins in this pathway. Describe the impact, if any, that this drug would have on the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), assuming that the pathway has been activated by the presence of the signalling molecule (first messenger). Include an explanation for your response.arrow_forward
- TAS2R38 codes for a G-protein coupled receptor which contributes to the tasting of PTC. What does this tell you about PTC as a type of ligand? a It is a protein-based ligand that can cross the CM into the cell b It is a lipid based ligand that can cross the CM into the cell c It is a protein-based ligand that requires a second messenger d It is a lipid-based ligand that requires a second messengerarrow_forwardGTP binding proteins are molecular switches. How do GTP binding proteins work? Provide two examples of GTP binding proteins that function in intracellular protein transport. Make a drawing that illustrates the function of each of these proteins in their respective roles. Predict the direct outcome of a mutation that: Inhibits GTPase activity Inhibits interaction with the GEFarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about G-protein-coupled receptors and cyclic AMP is WRONG? Cyclic AMP is synthesized by adenylyl cyclase and degraded by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Many extracellular signals acting via G-protein-coupled receptors affect the activity of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase and thus alter the concentration of cyclic AMP. The G protein alpha subunit switches itself off by hydrolyzing its bound GDP to GTP.arrow_forward
- In the case of GPCR (G protein coupled receptor) signaling pathways, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? The gamma subunit of the trimeric G protein has a transmembrane domain whereas the alpha and beta subunits are peripheral proteins If G alpha was locked in a GTP bound state, it would be bound to the effector enzyme rather than to the beta and gamma subunits. In some but not all signaling pathways, when the beta and gamma subunits are separated from alpha - the beta/gamma pair can also stimulate the activation of effectorsarrow_forwardWhat are G-protein coupled receptors? How does ligand binding activates GPCR (include in your answer, the types of G-proteins and the second messenger systems involved in the translation of a pharmacological response when a ligand binds to GPCR)?arrow_forwardThis is a signaling pathway that involves a second messenger: epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP. Which one is known as the second messenger?arrow_forward
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