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In a coffee cup calorimeter,
If the two solutions are initially at
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- There are millions of organic compounds known, and new ones are being discovered or made at a rate of morethan 100,000 compounds per year. Organic compoundsburn readily in air at high temperatures to form carbondioxide and water. Several classes of organic compoundsare listed, with a simple example of each. Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion in O2ofeach of these compounds, and then use the data inAppendix J to show that each reaction is product-favoredat room temperature. From these results, it is reasonable to hypothesize thatallorganic compounds are thermodynamically unstable inan oxygen atmosphere (that is, their room-temperaturereaction with O2(g) to form CO2(g) and H2O() isproduct-favored). If this hypothesis is true, how canorganic compounds exist on Earth?arrow_forwardThe molecular scale pictures below show snapshots of a strong acid at three different instants after it is added to water. Place the three pictures in the correct order so that they show the progress of the spontaneous process that takes place as the acid dissolves in the water. Explain your answer in terms of entropyarrow_forwardThe equilibrium constant for a certain reaction increases by a factor of 6.67 when the temperature is increased from 300.0 K to 350.0 K. Calculate the standard change in enthalpy (H) for this reaction (assuming H is temperature-independent).arrow_forward
- 9.96 Most first aid "cold packs" are based on the endothermic dissolution of ammonium nitrate in water: NH4NO3(s)NH4+(aq)+NO3(aq) H= 25.69 kJ A particular cold pack contains 50.0 g of NH4NO3 and 125.0 g of water. When the pack is squeezed, the NH4NO3dissolves in the water. If the pack and its contents are initially at 24.0°C, what is the lowest temperature that this bag could reach? (Assume that the ammonium nitrate solution has a specific heat of 4.25J g-l K-l, and that the heat capacity of the bag itself is small enough to be neglected.)arrow_forwardActually, the carbon in CO2(g) is thermodynamically unstable with respect to the carbon in calcium carbonate(limestone). Verify this by determining the standardGibbs free energy change for the reaction of lime,CaO(s), with CO2(g) to make CaCO3(s).arrow_forwardWrite a chemical equation for each process and classify each as reactant-favored or product-favored. (a) A puddle of water evaporates on a summer day. (b) Silicon dioxide (sand) decomposes to the elements Silicon and oxygen. (c) Paper, which is mainly cellulose (C6H10O5)n, bums at a temperature of 451 F. (d) A pinch of sugar dissolves in water at room temperature.arrow_forward
- Which of the following processes will lead to a decrease in the internal energy of a system? (1) Energy is transferred as heat to the system; (2) energy is transferred as heat from the system; (3) energy is transferred as work done on the system; or (4) energy is transferred as work done by the system. (a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2and3arrow_forwardUsing values of fH and S, calculate rG for each of the following reactions at 25 C. (a) 2 Na(s) + 2 H2O() 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g) (b) 6 C(graphite) + 3 H2(g) C6H6() Which of these reactions is (are) predicted to be product-favored at equilibrium? Are the reactions enthalpy- or entropy-driven?arrow_forward9.83 A student performing a calorimetry experiment combined 100.0 mL of 0.50 M HCl and 100.0 mL of 0.50 M NaOH in a coffee cup calorimeter. Both solutions were initially at 20.0°C, but when the two were mixed, the temperature rose to 23.2°C. (a) Suppose the experiment is repeated in the same calorimeter but this time using 200 mL of 0.50 M HCl and 200.0 mL of 0.50 M NaOH. Will the T observed he greater than, less than, or equal to that in the first experiment, and why? (b) Suppose that the experiment is repeated once again in the same calorimeter, this time using 100 mL of 1.00 M HCl and 100.0 mL of 1.00 M NaOH. Will the T observed he greater than, less than, or equal to that in the first experiment, and why?arrow_forward
- For each of the following processes, identify the systemand the surroundings. Identify those processes that arespontaneous. For each spontaneous process, identify theconstraint that has been removed to enable the process to occur: Ammonium nitrate dissolves in water. Hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb. A rubber band is rapidly extended by a hangingweight. The gas in a chamber is slowly compressed by aweighted piston. A glass shatters on the floor.arrow_forwardConsider a metal ion A2+ and its nitrate salt, In an experiment, 35.00 mL of a 0.217 M solution of A(NO3)2 is made to react with 25.00 mL of 0.195 M NaOH. A precipitate, A(OH)2, forms. Along with the precipitation, the temperature increases from 24.8C to 28.2C. What is H for the precipitation of A(OH)2? The following assumptions can be made. • The density of the solution is 1.00 g/mL. • Volumes are additive. • The specific heat of the solution is 4.18 J/g C.arrow_forwardConsider the reaction NH4+(aq) H+(aq)+NH3(aq) Use G f for NH3(aq) at 25C=26.7 kJ/mol and the appropriate tables to calculate (a) G at 25C (b) Ka at 25Carrow_forward
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