
Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The highest energy occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the electron assigned in to it should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Molecular orbital (MO) theory: is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule.
According to this theory there are two types of orbitals,
- (1) Bonding orbitals
- (2) Antibonding orbitals
Electrons in molecules are filled in accordance with the energy; the anti-bonding orbital has more energy than the bonding orbitals.
The electronic configuration of oxygen molecule
The * represent the antibonding orbital
HOMO and LUMO: This statement stand for highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), respectively. So this energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO is termed the HOMO–LUMO gap.
(a)

Answer to Problem 47GQ
The
Explanation of Solution
Molecular orbital diagram of (CN) molecule can be drawn as
HOMO-LUMO Analysis: There is one unpaired electron in
So this molecule have one sigma bond and two pi-bond, the corresponding electronic methods are given above molecular orbital correlation method.
(b)
Interpretation:
Bond order of the given molecule should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Molecular orbital (MO) theory: is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule.
According to this theory there are two types of orbitals,
- (3) Bonding orbitals
- (4) Antibonding orbitals
Electrons in molecules are filled in accordance with the energy; the anti-bonding orbital has more energy than the bonding orbitals.
The electronic configuration of oxygen molecule
Bond order: It is the measure of number of electron pairs shared between two atoms.
The * represent the antibonding orbital
(b)

Answer to Problem 47GQ
Cyanide (CN) molecule has a bond order of
Explanation of Solution
Molecular orbital diagram of (CN) molecule can be drawn as
Calculation method of bond order of CN molecule
The (CN) molecule has seven electrons available in bonding molecular orbitals and two electrons are available in antibonding molecular orbitals so this bond order has shown below.
(c)
Interpretation:
Number of net
Concept Introduction:
Molecular orbital (MO) theory: is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule.
According to this theory there are two types of orbitals,
- (1) Bonding orbitals
- (2) Antibonding orbitals
Electrons in molecules are filled in accordance with the energy; the anti-bonding orbital has more energy than the bonding orbitals.
The electronic configuration of oxygen molecule
Bond order: It is the measure of number of electron pairs shared between two atoms.
The * represent the antibonding orbital
Sigma (σ) bonds are the bonds in which shared hybrid orbital’s electron density are concentrated along the internuclear axis.
Pi (π) bonds are the bonds in which shared unhybridized orbital’s (p, d, etc) electron density are concentrated in above and below of the plane of the molecule.
(c)

Answer to Problem 47GQ
Cyanide (CN) molecule has a bond order of
Explanation of Solution
Molecular orbital diagram of (CN) molecule can be drawn as
Calculation method of bond order of
The (CN) molecule has seven electrons available in bonding molecular orbitals and two electrons are available in antibonding molecular orbitals so this bond order has shown below.
This value implies that the net
(d)
Interpretation:
It should be checked that whether the
Concept Introduction:
Molecular orbital (MO) theory: is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule.
According to this theory there are two types of orbitals,
- (1) Bonding orbitals
- (2) Antibonding orbitals
Electrons in molecules are filled in accordance with the energy; the anti-bonding orbital has more energy than the bonding orbitals.
The electronic configuration of oxygen molecule
Atoms with unpaired electrons are called Paramagnetic. Paramagnetic atoms are attracted to a magnet.
Atoms with paired electrons are called diamagnetic. Diamagnetic atoms are repelled by a magnet.
(d)

Explanation of Solution
Molecular orbital diagram of (CN) molecule can be drawn as
Magnetic property:
The CN molecule has one unpaired electron in
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