MARINE BIOLOGY
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781259880032
Author: CASTRO
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 9, Problem 2CT
Most seabirds are specialists that feed on particular types of fish and other prey. In some cases this may reduce the chances of competing with other species of seabirds for limited
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- If the rate of some process is governed by the abundance of prey individuals, we say that it is prey-dependent. Give some examples of prey-dependent processes.arrow_forwardWhich of the following situations has revealed that mutualistic interactions can evolve from prior parasitic relationships? A. Yucca plants are pollinated only by moths of the genus Tegeticula; however, some of the moth species 'cheat" by laying eggs on seeds without pollinating the plant. B. Large-sized lice of the genus Columbicola tended to live on larger species of pigeons. Body size matching had a significant effect on the ability of lice to escape defensive preening by the host bird. C. The nonvenomous yellow-eyed salamander has the same coloration as the toxic California newt. Related nontoxic salamanders which do not mimic the newts are prone to attacks by predators. D. Glochidion trees and Epicephala moths are in an obligate mutualism with each other. Significant cospeciation led to an increase in diversity of the two species.arrow_forwardIn spadefoot toads there are two forms of the tadpoles: omnivores and carnivores. Environmental factors such as population density, oxygen concentration, and availability of food determine which form any particular tadpole takes. Consider the situation below. A single pair of toads produces a fertilized group of eggs in a pond. The pond dries a bit creating two separate ponds, one is deep and the other is shallow. All the tadpoles in the deep pond become omnivores and all the tadpoles in the deep pond become carnivores. There is a heavy rain and the ponds become connected again and the two groups of tadpoles mix together. The carnivores eat most of the omnivores and more of the carnivores become adult toads This is an example of Group of answer choices A. natural selection and evolution B. evolution only C. natural selection onlyarrow_forward
- Describe the behavior of fish in these four scenarios: a. Undisturbed b. Few pebbles are dropped c. Fish food are dropped d. Tank is tapped on one sidearrow_forwardA niche is loosely defined as an organism's role in its environment, which can include factors like, feeding preference, nesting behaviors, mating behaviors, method of obtaining prey, and local habitats. Considering Gause's law, conduct research on the California Red Legged Frog and the Northern Pacific TreeFrog (use wiki or other google search). Create a chart that compares the two with regard to their niche or their lifestyle that may explain how these two native frogs have evolved to coexist in the same ecosystem. Northern Pacific TreeFrog California Red Legged Frogarrow_forwardRed-billed oxpeckers feed almost exclusively on what they can collect from the skin of large African mammals. This includes ticks and other ectoparasites, but also dead skin and blood of the mammal. The attached image shows a red-billed oxpecker sitting on the back of a warthog with a tick in its bill. A recent study found that the depletion of African mammals due to habitat loss and hunting leads to declines in oxpeckers. Researchers were interested in whether the nature of the interaction between African mammals and oxpeckers was context-dependent. They compared the effect of removal of oxpeckers in two areas in which the number of ticks on the mammals differed. Given the data described in the introduction to this section, what effect do African mammals have on oxpeckers a) Positive b) negative c) neutralarrow_forward
- Red-billed oxpeckers feed almost exclusively on what they can collect from the skin of large African mammals. This includes ticks and other ectoparasites, but also dead skin and blood of the mammal. The attached image shows a red-billed oxpecker sitting on the back of a warthog with a tick in its bill. A recent study found that the depletion of African mammals due to habitat loss and hunting leads to declines in oxpeckers. Researchers were interested in whether the nature of the interaction between African mammals and oxpeckers was context-dependent. They compared the effect of removal of oxpeckers in two areas in which the number of ticks on the mammals differed. In area 2, stomach content data of oxpeckers showed they consumed ~400 ticks per day. Cows were infested experimentally with large numbers of tick larvae and then oxpeckers were introduced at different stages in the tick life cycle (larvae; nymph; adult). They counted the number of adult ticks that dropped off the…arrow_forwardA sardine shoaling behavior shown below is observed in sardine fishing grounds in the country such as the Zamboanga Peninsula. Shoaling behavior happens when a massive number of sardines arrive to feed in coastal areas associated with high primary production due to upwelling. This massive number of arrivals also means a sardine feast for its predators such as tuna, barracuda, other piscivorous pelagic fish as well as sharks. What do you think is the adaptive value of shoaling behavior? How does "arriving in massive numbers" contribute to better chances of survival against an ensuing feast of predators?arrow_forwardWhat evidence is there that predators can control the abundance of prey?arrow_forward
- How would this unusual reproductive behavior benefit these small fish?arrow_forwardTwo related species of salamanders were found living on opposite sides of a mountain. One species lives in along a shady forest stream on the leaf covered-ground and is brown with dark green spots. The other species live along the bright, sandy banks of a larger river is light tan in color. What is most likely cause of the difference between these two species of salamander? Group of answer choices Competition Predation Mating seasons Different habitatsarrow_forwardGive an example to show that completely unrelated species can also compete for same resources?arrow_forward
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