To name: The five main grades of organization in organismal complexity and to explain the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade. Introduction: The five main grades of organization have been recognized among the unicellular and animal groups. Each grade of organization is found to be more complex than the preceding grade.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To name: The five main grades of organization in organismal complexity and to explain the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade.

Introduction: The five main grades of organization have been recognized among the unicellular and animal groups. Each grade of organization is found to be more complex than the preceding grade.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The five main grades of organization and the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade:

Protoplasmic grade of organization: This grade characterizes unicellular organisms. It includes the life confined within a single cell. The protoplasm undergoes differentiation and forms organelles within the cell. Each organelle has specific functions.
Cellular grade of organization: It includes functionally differentiated cell aggregates. The cells are combined into larger units and thereby greater structural complexity was evolved in multicellular organisms. This level of complexity is observed in Volvox.
Cell–tissue grade of organization: Similar cells are aggregated into definite patterns that have a common function of tissue formation. The nerve net in cnidarians is the best example of a tissue.
Tissue–organ grade of organization: The tissues are aggregated to form an organ, which is more complex. Usually, more than one tissue type makes up the organ, which has more specific roles than tissues. Flatworms have this type of organization.
Organ–system grade of organization: It involves combined working of organs to perform certain functions and thereby produces an organ system, which is the highest level of organization. The organ systems have basic body functions such as respiration, digestion, and circulation. This type of organization is seen in most of the animal phyla.

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Imagine that you are a clinical geneticist. Your colleague is an oncologist who wants your help explaining the basics of genetics to their patient, who will be undergoing genetic testing in the coming weeks for possible acute myeloid leukemia (AML) induced by the radiation she had several years ago for breast cancer. Write a 1,050- to 1,225-word memo to your colleague. Include the following in your memo: An explanation of the molecular structure of DNA and RNA, highlighting both similarities and differences A description of the processes of transcription and translation An explanation of the differences between leading and lagging strands and how the DNA is replicated in each strand Reponses to the following common questions patients might ask about this type of genetic testing and genetic disorder: Does AML run in families? What genes are tested for?

Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words: What are some potential consequences that could result if the processes of replication, transcription, and translation don’t function correctly? Provide an example of how you might explain these consequences in terms that patients might understand.

answer questions 1-10

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To name: The five main grades of organization in organismal complexity and to explain the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade.

Introduction: The five main grades of organization have been recognized among the unicellular and animal groups. Each grade of organization is found to be more complex than the preceding grade.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The five main grades of organization and the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade:

Protoplasmic grade of organization: This grade characterizes unicellular organisms. It includes the life confined within a single cell. The protoplasm undergoes differentiation and forms organelles within the cell. Each organelle has specific functions.
Cellular grade of organization: It includes functionally differentiated cell aggregates. The cells are combined into larger units and thereby greater structural complexity was evolved in multicellular organisms. This level of complexity is observed in Volvox.
Cell–tissue grade of organization: Similar cells are aggregated into definite patterns that have a common function of tissue formation. The nerve net in cnidarians is the best example of a tissue.
Tissue–organ grade of organization: The tissues are aggregated to form an organ, which is more complex. Usually, more than one tissue type makes up the organ, which has more specific roles than tissues. Flatworms have this type of organization.
Organ–system grade of organization: It involves combined working of organs to perform certain functions and thereby produces an organ system, which is the highest level of organization. The organ systems have basic body functions such as respiration, digestion, and circulation. This type of organization is seen in most of the animal phyla.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To name: The five main grades of organization in organismal complexity and to explain the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade.

Introduction: The five main grades of organization have been recognized among the unicellular and animal groups. Each grade of organization is found to be more complex than the preceding grade.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The five main grades of organization and the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade:

Protoplasmic grade of organization: This grade characterizes unicellular organisms. It includes the life confined within a single cell. The protoplasm undergoes differentiation and forms organelles within the cell. Each organelle has specific functions.
Cellular grade of organization: It includes functionally differentiated cell aggregates. The cells are combined into larger units and thereby greater structural complexity was evolved in multicellular organisms. This level of complexity is observed in Volvox.
Cell–tissue grade of organization: Similar cells are aggregated into definite patterns that have a common function of tissue formation. The nerve net in cnidarians is the best example of a tissue.
Tissue–organ grade of organization: The tissues are aggregated to form an organ, which is more complex. Usually, more than one tissue type makes up the organ, which has more specific roles than tissues. Flatworms have this type of organization.
Organ–system grade of organization: It involves combined working of organs to perform certain functions and thereby produces an organ system, which is the highest level of organization. The organ systems have basic body functions such as respiration, digestion, and circulation. This type of organization is seen in most of the animal phyla.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To name: The five main grades of organization in organismal complexity and to explain the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade.

Introduction: The five main grades of organization have been recognized among the unicellular and animal groups. Each grade of organization is found to be more complex than the preceding grade.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The five main grades of organization and the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade:

Protoplasmic grade of organization: This grade characterizes unicellular organisms. It includes the life confined within a single cell. The protoplasm undergoes differentiation and forms organelles within the cell. Each organelle has specific functions.
Cellular grade of organization: It includes functionally differentiated cell aggregates. The cells are combined into larger units and thereby greater structural complexity was evolved in multicellular organisms. This level of complexity is observed in Volvox.
Cell–tissue grade of organization: Similar cells are aggregated into definite patterns that have a common function of tissue formation. The nerve net in cnidarians is the best example of a tissue.
Tissue–organ grade of organization: The tissues are aggregated to form an organ, which is more complex. Usually, more than one tissue type makes up the organ, which has more specific roles than tissues. Flatworms have this type of organization.
Organ–system grade of organization: It involves combined working of organs to perform certain functions and thereby produces an organ system, which is the highest level of organization. The organ systems have basic body functions such as respiration, digestion, and circulation. This type of organization is seen in most of the animal phyla.

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Answer 5

Chapter 9, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To name: The five main grades of organization in organismal complexity and to explain the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade.

Introduction: The five main grades of organization have been recognized among the unicellular and animal groups. Each grade of organization is found to be more complex than the preceding grade.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The five main grades of organization and the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade:

Protoplasmic grade of organization: This grade characterizes unicellular organisms. It includes the life confined within a single cell. The protoplasm undergoes differentiation and forms organelles within the cell. Each organelle has specific functions.
Cellular grade of organization: It includes functionally differentiated cell aggregates. The cells are combined into larger units and thereby greater structural complexity was evolved in multicellular organisms. This level of complexity is observed in Volvox.
Cell–tissue grade of organization: Similar cells are aggregated into definite patterns that have a common function of tissue formation. The nerve net in cnidarians is the best example of a tissue.
Tissue–organ grade of organization: The tissues are aggregated to form an organ, which is more complex. Usually, more than one tissue type makes up the organ, which has more specific roles than tissues. Flatworms have this type of organization.
Organ–system grade of organization: It involves combined working of organs to perform certain functions and thereby produces an organ system, which is the highest level of organization. The organ systems have basic body functions such as respiration, digestion, and circulation. This type of organization is seen in most of the animal phyla.

Answer 6

Chapter 9, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To name: The five main grades of organization in organismal complexity and to explain the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade.

Introduction: The five main grades of organization have been recognized among the unicellular and animal groups. Each grade of organization is found to be more complex than the preceding grade.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The five main grades of organization and the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade:

Protoplasmic grade of organization: This grade characterizes unicellular organisms. It includes the life confined within a single cell. The protoplasm undergoes differentiation and forms organelles within the cell. Each organelle has specific functions.
Cellular grade of organization: It includes functionally differentiated cell aggregates. The cells are combined into larger units and thereby greater structural complexity was evolved in multicellular organisms. This level of complexity is observed in Volvox.
Cell–tissue grade of organization: Similar cells are aggregated into definite patterns that have a common function of tissue formation. The nerve net in cnidarians is the best example of a tissue.
Tissue–organ grade of organization: The tissues are aggregated to form an organ, which is more complex. Usually, more than one tissue type makes up the organ, which has more specific roles than tissues. Flatworms have this type of organization.
Organ–system grade of organization: It involves combined working of organs to perform certain functions and thereby produces an organ system, which is the highest level of organization. The organ systems have basic body functions such as respiration, digestion, and circulation. This type of organization is seen in most of the animal phyla.

Answer 7

Chapter 9, Problem 1RQ

Summary Introduction

To name: The five main grades of organization in organismal complexity and to explain the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade.

Introduction: The five main grades of organization have been recognized among the unicellular and animal groups. Each grade of organization is found to be more complex than the preceding grade.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The five main grades of organization and the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade:

Protoplasmic grade of organization: This grade characterizes unicellular organisms. It includes the life confined within a single cell. The protoplasm undergoes differentiation and forms organelles within the cell. Each organelle has specific functions.
Cellular grade of organization: It includes functionally differentiated cell aggregates. The cells are combined into larger units and thereby greater structural complexity was evolved in multicellular organisms. This level of complexity is observed in Volvox.
Cell–tissue grade of organization: Similar cells are aggregated into definite patterns that have a common function of tissue formation. The nerve net in cnidarians is the best example of a tissue.
Tissue–organ grade of organization: The tissues are aggregated to form an organ, which is more complex. Usually, more than one tissue type makes up the organ, which has more specific roles than tissues. Flatworms have this type of organization.
Organ–system grade of organization: It involves combined working of organs to perform certain functions and thereby produces an organ system, which is the highest level of organization. The organ systems have basic body functions such as respiration, digestion, and circulation. This type of organization is seen in most of the animal phyla.

Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Ch. 9 - Prob. 1RQ Ch. 9 - Can you suggest why, during the evolutionary...Ch. 9 - Prob. 3RQ Ch. 9 - Body fluids of eumetazoan animals are separated...Ch. 9 - What are the four major types of tissues in...Ch. 9 - How would you distinguish simple and stratified...Ch. 9 - What three elements occur in all connective...Ch. 9 - What are three muscle tissue types found among...Ch. 9 - Describe the principal structural and functional...Ch. 9 - Match the animal group with its body plan:

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