A First Course in Differential Equations with Modeling Applications (MindTap Course List)
A First Course in Differential Equations with Modeling Applications (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305965720
Author: Dennis G. Zill
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 9, Problem 1RE

In Problems 1–4 construct a table comparing the indicated values of y(x) using Euler’s method, the improved Euler’s method, and the RK4 method. Compute to four rounded decimal places. First use h = 0.1 and then use h = 0.05.

y = 2 ln x y , y ( 1 ) = 2 ; y ( 1.1 ) , y ( 1.2 ) , y ( 1.3 ) , y ( 1.4 ) , y ( 1.5 )

Expert Solution & Answer
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To determine

The value of y(1.1), y(1.2), y(1.3), y(1.4) and y(1.5) for the differential equation y=2lnxy by using Euler’s method, Improved Euler’s method and Runga-Kutta method of fourth order.

Explanation of Solution

Given:

The linear differential equation is y=2lnxy such that y(1)=2 and the value of step size is h=0.1 and h=0.05.

Concept used:

Runga-Kutta method:

The solution of a linear differential equation of the form y=f(x,y) is given as follows:

yn+1=yn+16(k1+2k2+2k3+k4), where

k1=f(xn,yn)k2=f((xn+h2),(yn+hk12))k3=f((xn+h2),(yn+hk22))k4=f((xn+h),(yn+hk3))

Euler’s method

The approximated solution for the first order linear differential equation of the form y=f(x,y) with initial value as y(x0)=y0 with a step size of h is given as follows:

yn+1=yn+hf(xn,yn), where xn=x0+nh.

Improved Euler’s method:

As per the Improved Euler’s method the solution of a linear differential equation of the form y=f(x,y) is given as follows:

yn+1*=yn+hf(xn,yn)yn+1=yn+h2(f(xn,yn)+f(xn+1,yn+1*))

Calculation:

The linear differential equation is given as follows:

y=2ln(xy)

The value of step size is given as h=0.1 and h=0.05.

The initial value is given as y(1)=2.

The given differential equation is of the form y=f(x,y).

f(x,y)=ln(xy)

This implies that x0=1 and y0=2.

Obtain the solution of the given differential equation by Euler’s method for h=0.1.

As per the Euler’s method the solution of a linear differential equation of the form y=f(x,y) is given as follows:

yn+1=yn+hf(xn,yn)(1)

Substitute 0 for n in equation (1).

y1=y0+hf(x0,y0)

Substitute the value of x0,y0 and h in the above equation.

y1=2+(0.1)f(1,2)=2+(0.1)2ln(2)=2+0.1386=2.1386

Therefore, the value of y1 or y(1.1) is 2.1386.

Similarly, use the above procedure and the value of y(1.2),y(1.3).y(1.4) and y(1.5).

xn

yn(Euler’s Method)

h=0.1

yn(Euler’s Method)

h=0.05

1.002.00002.0000
1.05 2.0693
1.102.13862.1469
1.15 2.2328
1.202.30972.3272
1.25 2.4299
1.302.51362.5409
1.35 2.6604
1.402.75042.7883
1.45 2.9245
1.503.02013.0690

Table 1

Table 1 represents the value of y(1.2),y(1.3).y(1.4) and y(1.5) calculated by Euler’s method.

Obtain the solution of the given differential equation by Improved Euler’s method for h=0.1.

As per the Improved Euler’s method the solution of a linear differential equation of the form y=f(x,y) is given as follows:

yn+1*=yn+hf(xn,yn)(2)yn+1=yn+h2(f(xn,yn)+f(xn+1,yn+1*))  (3)

Substitute 0 for n in equation (2).

y1*=y0+hf(x0,y0)

Substitute the value of x0,y0 and h in the above equation.

y1*=2+(0.1)f(1,2)=2+(0.1)2ln(2)=2+0.1386=2.1386

Substitute 0 for n in equation (3).

y1=y0+h2(f(x0,y0)+f(x1,y1*))

Substitute the value of x0,y0,x1,y1* and h in the above equation.

y1=2+0.12(f(1,2)+f(1.1,2.1386))=2+(0.05)(2ln(2)+2ln(1.12.1386))=2+(0.05)(1.3863+1.7109)=2.1549

Therefore, the value of y1 or y(1.1) is 2.1549.

Similarly, with above procedure used the value of y(1.2),y(1.3).y(1.4) and y(1.5).

xn

yn (Improved Euler’s Method)

h=0.1

yn (Improved Euler’s Method)

h=0.05

1.002.00002.0000
1.05 2.0735
1.102.15492.1554
1.15 2.2459
1.202.34392.3450
1.25 2.4527
1.302.56722.5689
1.35 2.6937
1.402.82462.8269
1.45 2.9686
1.503.11573.1187

Table 2

Table 2 represents the value of y(1.2),y(1.3).y(1.4) and y(1.5) calculated by Improved Euler’s method.

Obtain the solution of the given differential equation by Euler’s modified method for h=0.1.

As per the Runga-Kutta method of fourth order the value of yn+1 is given as follows:

yn+1=yn+16(k1+2k2+2k3+k4)(4)

Here, the value of k1,k2,k3 and k4 is given as follows:

k1=f(xn,yn)(5)k2=f((xn+h2),(yn+hk12))(6)k3=f((xn+h2),(yn+hk22))(7)k4=f((xn+h),(yn+hk3))(8)

Substitute 0 for n in equation (4).

y1=y0+h6(k1+2k2+2k3+k4)(9)

Calculate the value of k1 as follows:

k1=f(x0,y0)=f(1,2)=2ln(2)=1.3863

Calculate the value of k2 as follows:

k2=f((x0+h2),(y0+hk12))=f((1+0.05),(2+((0.05)(1.3863))))=f(1.05,2.069315)

Further solve the above equation.

k2=2ln(1.052.069315)=1.5520

Calculate the value of k1 as follows:

k3=f((x+h2),(y0+hk22))=f((1.05),(2.0776))=2ln(1.052.0776)=1.5600

Calculate the value of k4 as follows:

k4=f((x0+h),(y0+hk3))=f((1.1),(2.1560))=2ln(1.12.1560)=1.7271

Substitute the value of k1,k2,k3,k4 and y0 in equation (9).

y1=y0+0.16(k1+2k2+2k3+k4)=2+0.16(1.3863+21.5520+21.5600+1.7271)=2+0.1556=2.1556

Therefore, the value of y1 or y(1.1) is 2.1556.

Similarly, with above procedure used the value of y(1.2),y(1.3).y(1.4) and y(1.5).

xn

yn (Runga-Kutta 4th order)

h=0.1

yn (Runga-Kutta 4th order)

h=0.05

1.002.00002.0000
1.05 2.0736
1.102.15562.1556
1.15 2.2462
1.202.34542.3454
1.25 2.4532
1.302.56952.5695
1.35 2.6944
1.402.82782.8278
1.45 2.9696
1.503.11973.1197

Table 3

Table 3 represents the value of y(1.2),y(1.3).y(1.4) and y(1.5) calculated by Runga-Kutta method.

The table which shows a comparison between the values of y(1.2),y(1.3), y(1.4) and y(1.5) obtained by Euler’s method, improved Euler’s method and Runga-Kutta method of fourth order is as below.

xn

yn (Euler’s Method)

h=0.1

yn (Euler’s Method)

h=0.05

yn (Improved Euler’s Method)

h=0.1

yn (Improved Euler’s Method)

h=0.05

yn (Runga-Kutta 4th order)

h=0.1

yn (Runga-Kutta 4th order)

h=0.05

1.002.00002.00002.00002.00002.00002.0000
1.05 2.0693 2.0735 2.0736
1.102.13862.15692.15492.15542.15562.1556
1.15 2.2328 2.2459 2.2462
1.202.30972.32722.34392.34502.34542.3454
1.25 2.4299 2.4527 2.4532
1.302.51362.54092.56722.56892.56952.5695
1.35 2.6604 2.6937 2.6944
1.402.75042.78832.82462.82692.82782.8278
1.45 2.9245 2.9686 2.9696
1.503.02013.06903.11573.11873.11973.1197

Table 4

Thus, table 4 shows the comparison of the values of y(1.2),y(1.3), y(1.4) and y(1.5) obtained by Euler’s method, improved Euler’s method and Runga-Kutta method of fourth order.

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Chapter 9 Solutions

A First Course in Differential Equations with Modeling Applications (MindTap Course List)

Ch. 9.1 - Consider the initial-value problem y′ = (x + y –...Ch. 9.1 - Consider the initial-value problem y = 2y, y(0) =...Ch. 9.1 - Repeat Problem 13 using the improved Eulers...Ch. 9.1 - Repeat Problem 13 using the initial-value problem...Ch. 9.1 - Repeat Problem 15 using the improved Euler’s...Ch. 9.1 - Consider the initial-value problem y = 2x 3y + 1,...Ch. 9.1 - Repeat Problem 17 using the improved Euler’s...Ch. 9.1 - Repeat Problem 17 for the initial-value problem y′...Ch. 9.1 - Repeat Problem 19 using the improved Euler’s...Ch. 9.1 - Answer the question Why not? that follows the...Ch. 9.2 - Use the RK4 method with h = 0.1 to approximate...Ch. 9.2 - Assume that (4). Use the resulting second-order...Ch. 9.2 - In Problems 3–12 use the RK4 method with h = 0.1...Ch. 9.2 - In Problems 312 use the RK4 method with h = 0.1 to...Ch. 9.2 - In Problems 312 use the RK4 method with h = 0.1 to...Ch. 9.2 - In Problems 312 use the RK4 method with h = 0.1 to...Ch. 9.2 - In Problems 312 use the RK4 method with h = 0.1 to...Ch. 9.2 - In Problems 312 use the RK4 method with h = 0.1 to...Ch. 9.2 - In Problems 312 use the RK4 method with h = 0.1 to...Ch. 9.2 - In Problems 3–12 use the RK4 method with h = 0.1...Ch. 9.2 - In Problems 312 use the RK4 method with h = 0.1 to...Ch. 9.2 - In Problems 312 use the RK4 method with h = 0.1 to...Ch. 9.2 - If air resistance is proportional to the square of...Ch. 9.2 - Consider the initial-value problem y = 2y, y(0) =...Ch. 9.2 - Repeat Problem 16 using the initial-value problem...Ch. 9.2 - Consider the initial-value problem y′ = 2x – 3y +...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 19ECh. 9.2 - Prob. 20ECh. 9.3 - Prob. 1ECh. 9.3 - Prob. 3ECh. 9.3 - Prob. 4ECh. 9.3 - Prob. 5ECh. 9.3 - Prob. 6ECh. 9.3 - Prob. 7ECh. 9.3 - In Problems 58 use the Adams-Bashforth-Moulton...Ch. 9.4 - Use Eulers method to approximate y(0.2), where...Ch. 9.4 - Use Euler’s method to approximate y(1.2), where...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 3ECh. 9.4 - In Problems 3 and 4 repeat the indicated problem...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 5ECh. 9.5 - In Problems 110 use the finite difference method...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 2ECh. 9.5 - Prob. 3ECh. 9.5 - Prob. 4ECh. 9.5 - Prob. 5ECh. 9.5 - Prob. 6ECh. 9.5 - Prob. 7ECh. 9.5 - In Problems 1 – 10 use the finite difference...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 9ECh. 9.5 - Prob. 10ECh. 9.5 - Prob. 11ECh. 9.5 - The electrostatic potential u between two...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 13ECh. 9 - In Problems 14 construct a table comparing the...Ch. 9 - In Problems 14 construct a table comparing the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 3RECh. 9 - Prob. 4RECh. 9 - Prob. 5RECh. 9 - Prob. 6RECh. 9 - Prob. 7RECh. 9 - Prob. 8RE
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