Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation. Introduction: B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

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Answer 5

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

Answer 6

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

Answer 7

Chapter 9, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To write:

Describe B-cell co-receptor and its ligand and explain how it facilitates B-cell activation.

Introduction:

B-cell co-receptor is composed of CD21 (complement receptor 2), CD19, and CD81. CR1 acts as a cofactor by facilitating the cleavage of C3b-binding antigen into C3d molecule. CD19 is a signaling component of the co-receptor that binds to CD81 protein and taken up to coordinate B-cell receptor and co-receptor interaction within the membrane.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The B-cell activation involves coordination between the B-cell co-receptor and B-cell receptor, which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the B cell to antigen. Due to the low concentration of antigen, CD21 binds to complement components such as iC3b and C3d, developed by the cleavage of C3b by factor I and further accumulated on the surface of antigens or pathogens.

In signaling pathway, CD19 gives the long cytoplasmic tail and associate with CD81 to assists the CD19 expression on the B-cell surface; thus, facilitates the coordination between B-cell receptor and co-receptor within the B-cell plasma membrane.

Both the B-cell receptor and co-receptor molecules are ligated by antigen and C3d or iC3b; however, Lyn, a protein tyrosine kinase comes in contact with the cytoplasmic tail of CD19. Lyn is associated with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of Iga, which facilitates the phosphorylation of adjacent CD19 molecules. The phosphorylated tail of CD19 will transmits signals that counterpart those signals created by the B-cell receptor complex.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

The activation of B-cells may depend on the characteristics of the antigen and stimulatory signals given by CD4 and TH2 cells. TH2 cells also release IL4, IL5, and IL6 cytokines; this, on binding to particular receptor these cytokines stimulate proliferation and differentiation of B-cells into plasma cells.

Answer 12

Ch. 9 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 9 - Prob. 10Q

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