The way by which antigenic changes in the viral pathogens promote diseases. Concept introduction: Antigenic variation is the mechanism in which an infectious agent like protozoa, bacterium and virus change the surface proteins to avoid the immune response from host. Antigenic variation enables immune invasion by pathogens. It will also allow the microorganisms to cause re-infection.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 8.1, Problem 1QC

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way by which antigenic changes in the viral pathogens promote diseases.

Concept introduction: Antigenic variation is the mechanism in which an infectious agent like protozoa, bacterium and virus change the surface proteins to avoid the immune response from host. Antigenic variation enables immune invasion by pathogens. It will also allow the microorganisms to cause re-infection.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The antigen variations that takes place in the viral pathogens can promote diseases. The antigenic variation that takes place in the viruses consists of six categories called the antigenic drift, shift, and rift, sift, lift, and gift. Usually, antigenic variations are minor and results from mutations.

Influenza A undergoes major antigenic changes. The virus can infect birds and mammals, and shifts occur in the animals coinfected by a human and an avian strain of influenza. The viral genome is segmented and undergoes recombination during which the human virus get new HA or NA antigen. When the shift is not occurred, clinical influenza will be considered as epidemic. When the major antigenic variation occurs, earlier protection may not exist. This results in a major pandemic and much more severe diseases.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

You aim to test the hypothesis that the Tbx4 and Tbx5 genes inhibit each other's expression during limb development. With access to chicken embryos and viruses capable of overexpressing Tbx4 and Tbx5, describe an experiment to investigate whether these genes suppress each other's expression in the limb buds. What results would you expect if they do repress each other? What results would you expect if they do not repress each other?

You decide to delete Fgf4 and Fgf8 specifically in the limb bud. Explain why you would not knock out these genes in the entire embryo instead.

You implant an FGF10-coated bead into the anterior flank of a chicken embryo, directly below the level of the wing bud. What is the phenotype of the resulting ectopic limb? Briefly describe the expected expression domains of 1) Shh, 2) Tbx4, and 3) Tbx5 in the resulting ectopic limb bud.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 8.1, Problem 1QC

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way by which antigenic changes in the viral pathogens promote diseases.

Concept introduction: Antigenic variation is the mechanism in which an infectious agent like protozoa, bacterium and virus change the surface proteins to avoid the immune response from host. Antigenic variation enables immune invasion by pathogens. It will also allow the microorganisms to cause re-infection.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The antigen variations that takes place in the viral pathogens can promote diseases. The antigenic variation that takes place in the viruses consists of six categories called the antigenic drift, shift, and rift, sift, lift, and gift. Usually, antigenic variations are minor and results from mutations.

Influenza A undergoes major antigenic changes. The virus can infect birds and mammals, and shifts occur in the animals coinfected by a human and an avian strain of influenza. The viral genome is segmented and undergoes recombination during which the human virus get new HA or NA antigen. When the shift is not occurred, clinical influenza will be considered as epidemic. When the major antigenic variation occurs, earlier protection may not exist. This results in a major pandemic and much more severe diseases.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 8.1, Problem 1QC

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way by which antigenic changes in the viral pathogens promote diseases.

Concept introduction: Antigenic variation is the mechanism in which an infectious agent like protozoa, bacterium and virus change the surface proteins to avoid the immune response from host. Antigenic variation enables immune invasion by pathogens. It will also allow the microorganisms to cause re-infection.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The antigen variations that takes place in the viral pathogens can promote diseases. The antigenic variation that takes place in the viruses consists of six categories called the antigenic drift, shift, and rift, sift, lift, and gift. Usually, antigenic variations are minor and results from mutations.

Influenza A undergoes major antigenic changes. The virus can infect birds and mammals, and shifts occur in the animals coinfected by a human and an avian strain of influenza. The viral genome is segmented and undergoes recombination during which the human virus get new HA or NA antigen. When the shift is not occurred, clinical influenza will be considered as epidemic. When the major antigenic variation occurs, earlier protection may not exist. This results in a major pandemic and much more severe diseases.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 8.1, Problem 1QC

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way by which antigenic changes in the viral pathogens promote diseases.

Concept introduction: Antigenic variation is the mechanism in which an infectious agent like protozoa, bacterium and virus change the surface proteins to avoid the immune response from host. Antigenic variation enables immune invasion by pathogens. It will also allow the microorganisms to cause re-infection.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The antigen variations that takes place in the viral pathogens can promote diseases. The antigenic variation that takes place in the viruses consists of six categories called the antigenic drift, shift, and rift, sift, lift, and gift. Usually, antigenic variations are minor and results from mutations.

Influenza A undergoes major antigenic changes. The virus can infect birds and mammals, and shifts occur in the animals coinfected by a human and an avian strain of influenza. The viral genome is segmented and undergoes recombination during which the human virus get new HA or NA antigen. When the shift is not occurred, clinical influenza will be considered as epidemic. When the major antigenic variation occurs, earlier protection may not exist. This results in a major pandemic and much more severe diseases.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 8.1, Problem 1QC

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way by which antigenic changes in the viral pathogens promote diseases.

Concept introduction: Antigenic variation is the mechanism in which an infectious agent like protozoa, bacterium and virus change the surface proteins to avoid the immune response from host. Antigenic variation enables immune invasion by pathogens. It will also allow the microorganisms to cause re-infection.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The antigen variations that takes place in the viral pathogens can promote diseases. The antigenic variation that takes place in the viruses consists of six categories called the antigenic drift, shift, and rift, sift, lift, and gift. Usually, antigenic variations are minor and results from mutations.

Influenza A undergoes major antigenic changes. The virus can infect birds and mammals, and shifts occur in the animals coinfected by a human and an avian strain of influenza. The viral genome is segmented and undergoes recombination during which the human virus get new HA or NA antigen. When the shift is not occurred, clinical influenza will be considered as epidemic. When the major antigenic variation occurs, earlier protection may not exist. This results in a major pandemic and much more severe diseases.

Answer 6

Chapter 8.1, Problem 1QC

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way by which antigenic changes in the viral pathogens promote diseases.

Concept introduction: Antigenic variation is the mechanism in which an infectious agent like protozoa, bacterium and virus change the surface proteins to avoid the immune response from host. Antigenic variation enables immune invasion by pathogens. It will also allow the microorganisms to cause re-infection.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The antigen variations that takes place in the viral pathogens can promote diseases. The antigenic variation that takes place in the viruses consists of six categories called the antigenic drift, shift, and rift, sift, lift, and gift. Usually, antigenic variations are minor and results from mutations.

Influenza A undergoes major antigenic changes. The virus can infect birds and mammals, and shifts occur in the animals coinfected by a human and an avian strain of influenza. The viral genome is segmented and undergoes recombination during which the human virus get new HA or NA antigen. When the shift is not occurred, clinical influenza will be considered as epidemic. When the major antigenic variation occurs, earlier protection may not exist. This results in a major pandemic and much more severe diseases.

Answer 7

Chapter 8.1, Problem 1QC

Summary Introduction

To explain: The way by which antigenic changes in the viral pathogens promote diseases.

Concept introduction: Antigenic variation is the mechanism in which an infectious agent like protozoa, bacterium and virus change the surface proteins to avoid the immune response from host. Antigenic variation enables immune invasion by pathogens. It will also allow the microorganisms to cause re-infection.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The antigen variations that takes place in the viral pathogens can promote diseases. The antigenic variation that takes place in the viruses consists of six categories called the antigenic drift, shift, and rift, sift, lift, and gift. Usually, antigenic variations are minor and results from mutations.

Influenza A undergoes major antigenic changes. The virus can infect birds and mammals, and shifts occur in the animals coinfected by a human and an avian strain of influenza. The viral genome is segmented and undergoes recombination during which the human virus get new HA or NA antigen. When the shift is not occurred, clinical influenza will be considered as epidemic. When the major antigenic variation occurs, earlier protection may not exist. This results in a major pandemic and much more severe diseases.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 1QC Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 2QC Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 3QC Ch. 8.1 - Prob. 4QC Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 1QC Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 2QC Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 3QC Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 1QC Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 2QC Ch. 8.3 - Prob. 3QC

Explanation of Solution

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Chapter 8 Solutions