Chapter 8, Problem 8.9QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a natural gas air flame of temperature 1800 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

$\frac{N_j}{N_o}=\frac{g_j}{g_o}\exp \left(\frac{-E_j}{kT}\right)$ ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

$E_j=\frac{hc}{\lambda }$ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is a hydrogen - oxygen flame of 2950K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

$\frac{N_j}{N_o}=\frac{g_j}{g_o}\exp \left(\frac{-E_j}{kT}\right)$ ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

$E_j=\frac{hc}{\lambda }$ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

Comparison of ratio of atoms or ions in 3p states and in ground state of Na atom and Mg⁺ is to be done when there is an inductively −coupled plasma source of 7250 K.

Concept introduction:

Boltzmann equation is used for the calculation of the ratio. This equation tells that how much an atom or ion is populated as a function of temperature. This equation is given as-

$\frac{N_j}{N_o}=\frac{g_j}{g_o}\exp \left(\frac{-E_j}{kT}\right)$ ......... (1)

And the calculation of energy of atom and ion is done by the following formula-

$E_j=\frac{hc}{\lambda }$ ......... (2)

Where,

h= Planck’s constant

c = light velocity

λ= wavelength

Ej= energy difference of excited state and ground state.