Chapter 8, Problem 8.46P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The elements with the following partial $\left(\text{valence-level}\right)$ electronic configurations are to be identified.

Concept introduction:

The partial orbital diagram is the one that shows the distribution of valence electrons only.

The electronic configuration tells about the distribution of electrons in the various atomic orbitals of the element. It is used to predict the chemical properties of the element. The valence shell electronic configuration refers to the distribution of electrons in the outermost shell only. The number of electrons that are present in the outermost valence shell can be determined with the help of the valence level electronic configuration.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The elements in the order of increasing atomic size are to be ranked.

Concept introduction:

Atomic size is the distance from the nucleus to the valence shell where the valence electrons are situated. It is very difficult to measure due to absence of any definite boundary.

Along the period, the atomic size decreases due to the increse in the effective nuclear charge.

Down the group, the atomic size increases because of addition of new shells in the successive members of the group.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The elements in the order of the increasing ionization energy are to be ranked.

Concept introduction:

The ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound valence electrons from an isolated neutral gaseous atom. It is represented by IE.

Its value varies with the ease of removal of the outermost valence electron. If the outermost electron is removed very easily then the value of ionization energy is very small. If the electron is removed with quite difficulty then the value of ionization energy will be very high. It increases along the period and decreases from top to bottom in a group.