Problem 1PE: Practice Exercise 8.1
Choose the ionic compound that would have the larger lattice energy: (Hint:... Problem 2PE: Construct an energy diagram similar to the one in Figure 8.4 to determine the heat of formation of... Problem 3PE: What is wrong with the following electron configuration of the ln+ ion? What should the electron... Problem 4PE: How do the electron configurations change when a chromium atom forms the ions:... Problem 5PE: Practice Exercise 8.5
How are the electron configurations of related?
Problem 6PE: Practice Exercise 8.6
Draw the Lewis structures for lead and tellurium. (Hint: Which groups are lead... Problem 7PE: Practice Exercise 8.7
Use Lewis symbols to diagram the formation of from Ca and I atoms. (Hint:... Problem 8PE Problem 9PE Problem 10PE: For each atom that does not have an octet, how many electrons does it need or how many should it... Problem 11PE: The chlorine end of the chlorine monoxide molecule carries a charge of +0.167e. The bond length is... Problem 12PE: Although isolated Na+ and Cl- ions are unstable, these ions can exist in the gaseous state as ion... Problem 13PE: Bromine and chlorine form a molecular substance with the formula BrCl. Is the bond polar? If so,... Problem 14PE: Practice Exercise 8.14
For each of the following bonds, choose the atom that carries the partial... Problem 15PE Problem 16PE: Draw Lewis structures for OF2,NH4+,SO2,NO3-,ClF3,andHClO4. Problem 17PE: Practice Exercise 8.17
Using the structures drawn in Practice Exercise 8.16, show the polarity of... Problem 18PE: Practice Exercise 8.18
A student drew the following Lewis structure for the sulfite ion, :
Is this... Problem 19PE: Assign formal charges to the atoms in the following Lewis structures: Problem 20PE: Practice Exercise 8.20
Draw the preferred Lewis structure for .
Problem 21PE Problem 22PE: Practice Exercise 8.22
Use Lewis structures to explain how the reaction between hydroxide ion and... Problem 23PE Problem 24PE: Practice Exercise 8.24
Draw the resonance structures for .
Problem 25PE: Determine the preferred Lewis structure for the bromate ion, BrO3-, and, if appropriate, draw... Problem 26PE Problem 27PE: Practice Exercise 8.27
The following questions apply to the compounds in Practice Exercise 8.26. (a)... Problem 1RQ: What must be true about the change in the total potential energy of a collection of atoms for a... Problem 2RQ: 8.2 Under what conditions could a compound form from its elements if the potential energy for the... Problem 3RQ: 8.3 What is an ionic bond?
Problem 4RQ: Define the term lattice energy. In what ways does the lattice energy contribute to the stability of... Problem 5RQ: How is the tendency to form ionic bonds related to the IE and EA of the atoms involved? Problem 6RQ: What influence do ion size and charge have on lattice energies of ionic compounds? Problem 7RQ: 8.7 What is the octet rule? What is responsible for it?
Problem 8RQ: 8.8 Why doesn’t hydrogen obey the octet rule?
Problem 9RQ: 8.9 Magnesium forms compounds containing the ion but not the ion . Why?
Problem 10RQ Problem 11RQ: Why do many of the transition elements in Period 4 form ions with a 2+ charge? Why do some have 1+... Problem 12RQ Problem 13RQ Problem 14RQ: Which of these Lewis symbols is incorrect? Problem 15RQ: Define bond length and bond energy. Problem 16RQ: 8.16 Define bond order. How are bond energy and bond length related to bond order? Why are there... Problem 17RQ: 8.17 The energy required to break the H—Cl bond to give and ions would not be called the H—Cl bond... Problem 18RQ: In terms of the potential energy change, why doesnt ionic bonding occur when two nonmetals react... Problem 19RQ Problem 20RQ: Describe what happens to the electron density around two hydrogen atoms as they come together to... Problem 21RQ: Is the formation of a covalent bond endothermic or exothermic? Problem 22RQ: What factors control the bond length in a covalent bond? Problem 23RQ: How many covalent bonds are normally formed by (a) hydrogen, (b) carbon, (c) oxygen, (d) nitrogen,... Problem 24RQ: What is a polar covalent bond? Problem 25RQ: Define dipole moment in the form of an equation. What is the value of the debye (with appropriate... Problem 26RQ: 8.26 Define electronegativity. On what basis did Pauling develop his scale of electronegativities?
Problem 27RQ: Which element has the highest electronegativity? Which is the second most electronegative element?... Problem 28RQ Problem 29RQ: If an element has a low electronegativity, is it likely to be classified as a metal or a nonmetal?... Problem 30RQ: In what groups in the periodic table are the most reactive metals found? Where do we find the least... Problem 31RQ: How is the electronegativity of a metal related to its reactivity? Problem 32RQ: 8.32 When we say that aluminum is more reactive than iron, which kind of reaction of these elements... Problem 33RQ: Arrange the following metals in their approximate order of reactivity (most reactive first, least... Problem 34RQ: 8.34 Complete and balance the following equations. If no reaction occurs, write “N.R.”
Problem 35RQ Problem 36RQ: Without looking at the text, describe the steps for drawing Lewis structures. Problem 37RQ: 8.37 Why do we usually place the least electronegative element in the center of a Lewis structure?
Problem 38RQ: Why do Period 2 elements never form more than four covalent bonds? Why are Period 3 elements able to... Problem 39RQ: Define (a) single bond, (b) double bond, and (c) triple bond. Problem 40RQ Problem 41RQ: How many electrons are in the valence shells of (a) Be in BeCl2, (b) B in BCl3, and (c) H in H2O? Problem 42RQ: What is the minimum number of electrons that would be expected to be in the valence shell of As, in... Problem 43RQ: 8.43 Nitrogen and arsenic are in the same group in the periodic table. Arsenic forms both , but with... Problem 44RQ: 8.44 What is the definition of formal charge? How are formal charges indicated on a structural... Problem 45RQ: How are formal charges for atoms in a molecule determined? The sum of the formal charges of a... Problem 46RQ: 8.46 How are formal charges used to select the best Lewis structure for a molecule? What is the... Problem 47RQ: 8.47 What are the formal charges on the atoms in the HCl molecule? What are the actual charges on... Problem 48RQ: What is a coordinate covalent bond? Problem 49RQ: Once formed, how (if at all) does a coordinate covalent bond differ from an ordinary covalent bond? Problem 50RQ: BC13 has an incomplete valence shell. Use Lewis structures to show how it could form a coordinate... Problem 51RQ Problem 52RQ: 8.52 What is a resonance hybrid? How does it differ from the resonance structures drawn for a... Problem 53RQ Problem 54RQ: Polystyrene plastic is a hydrocarbon that consists of a long chain of carbon atoms joined by single... Problem 55RQ: Sketch the structures for (a) methane, (b) ethane, and (c) propane. Problem 56RQ: Draw the structure for a hydrocarbon that has a chain of six carbon atoms linked by single bonds.... Problem 57RQ: How many different molecules have the formula C5H12? Sketch their structures. Problem 58RQ: What is a carbonyl group? In which classes of organic molecules that weve studied do we find a... Problem 59RQ Problem 60RQ: 8.60 Write a chemical equation for the ionization in water of the acid in Question 8.59. Is the acid... Problem 61RQ: Match the compounds on the left with the family types on the right. Write a chemical equation for... Problem 62RQ Problem 63RQ: In each of the following pairs of compounds, which would have the larger lattice energy:... Problem 64RQ: In each of the following pairs of compounds, which would have the larger lattice energy:... Problem 65RQ Problem 66RQ: *8.66 Use an enthalpy diagram to calculate the lattice energy of from the following information.... Problem 67RQ: Explain what happens to the electron configurations of Mg and Br when they react to form magnesium... Problem 68RQ: Describe what happens to the electron configurations of lithium and nitrogen when they react to form... Problem 69RQ: 8.69 What are the electron configurations of the ions?
Problem 70RQ: 8.70 What are the electron configurations of the ions?
Problem 71RQ: Write the abbreviated electron configuration of the Mn3+ ion. How many unpaired electrons does the... Problem 72RQ: Write the abbreviated electron configuration of the Co3+ ion. How many unpaired electrons does the... Problem 73RQ Problem 74RQ Problem 75RQ Problem 76RQ Problem 77RQ: How much energy, in joules, is required to break the bond in one chlorine molecule? The bond energy... Problem 78RQ: How much energy is released in the formation of one molecule of HC1 by the following reaction?... Problem 79RQ: The reason there is danger in exposure to high-energy radiation (e.g., ultraviolet and X rays) is... Problem 80RQ: A mixture of H2andCl2 is stable, but a bright flash of light passing through it can cause the... Problem 81RQ Problem 82RQ: Use Lewis structures to diagram the formation of (a) CH4, (b) PH3, (c) F2 from neutral atoms. Problem 83RQ: Chlorine tends to form only one covalent bond because it needs just one electron to complete its... Problem 84RQ: Use the octet rule to predict the formula of the simplest compound formed from hydrogen and (a)... Problem 85RQ Problem 86RQ: What would be the formula for the simplest compound formed from (a) arsenic and bromine, (b) silicon... Problem 87RQ: 8.87 Use the data in Table 8.3 to calculate the amount of charge on the oxygen and nitrogen in the... Problem 88RQ: The molecule bromine monofluoride has a dipole moment of 1.42 D and a bond length of 176 pm.... Problem 89RQ Problem 90RQ: 8.90 The dipole moment of HF is 1.83 D and the bond length is 91.7 pm. Calculate the amount of... Problem 91RQ Problem 92RQ Problem 93RQ: Which of the bonds in Problem 8.91 is the most polar? Problem 94RQ: 8.94 Which of the bonds in the Problem 8.92 is the least polar?
Problem 95RQ: Draw Lewis structures for (a)SiCl4,(b)PF3,(c)ClF5,and(d)SCl2. Problem 96RQ: Draw Lewis structures for (a)HIO3,(b)H2CO3,(c)TeF6,and(d)PH3. Problem 97RQ Problem 98RQ: 8.98 Draw Lewis structures for
Problem 99RQ: 8.99 Draw Lewis structures for (a) carbon disulfide, (b) the cyanide ion, (c) germanium... Problem 100RQ: Draw Lewis structures for (a) selenium trioxide, (b) the carbonate ion, (c) hydrogen carbonate ion,... Problem 101RQ Problem 102RQ: 8.102 Draw Lewis structures for .
Problem 103RQ: Draw the Lewis structure for (a) CH2O (the central atom is carbon, which is attached to two... Problem 104RQ: Draw Lewis structures for (a) the peroxide ion, O22-, and (b) POCI3 (the central atom is phosphorus,... Problem 105RQ: Assign formal charges to each atom in the following structures: Problem 106RQ: 8.106 Assign formal charges to each atom in the following structures:
Problem 107RQ: Draw the Lewis structure for HCIO4. Assign formal charges to each atom in the formula. Determine the... Problem 108RQ: Draw the Lewis structure for SOCl2 (sulfur bonded to two Cl and one O). Assign formal charges to... Problem 109RQ Problem 110RQ: 8.110 The following are two Lewis structures that can be drawn for phosgene, a substance that has... Problem 111RQ: 8.111 Use Lewis structures to show that the hydronium ion, , can be considered to be formed by the... Problem 112RQ: Use Lewis structures to show that the reaction BF3+FBF4 involves the formation of a coordinate... Problem 113RQ: Draw all of the resonance structures for the N2O4 molecule and determine the average N O bond... Problem 114RQ Problem 115RQ: How should the NO bond lengths compare in the NO3 and NO2 ions? Problem 116RQ: Arrange the following in order of increasing CO bond length: CO,CO32-,CO2,HCO2 (formate ion). Problem 117RQ: 8.117 The Lewis structure of was given as
but two other resonance structures can also be drawn for... Problem 118RQ: *8.118 Use formal charges to establish the preferred Lewis structures for the and ions. Draw... Problem 119RQ: 8.119 Give the formula and name of four different ionic compounds. What are the charges of the... Problem 120RQ: Use data from the tables of ionization energies and electron affinities in Chapter 7 to calculate... Problem 121RQ: 8.121 Changing to gaseous atoms requires a total of approximately 150 kJ of energy. The first and... Problem 122RQ: In many ways, tin(IV) chloride behaves more like a covalent molecular species than like a typical... Problem 123RQ: In each pair, choose the one with the more polar bonds. (Use the periodic table to answer the... Problem 124RQ: How many electrons are in the outer shell of the Zn2+ Problem 125RQ Problem 126RQ: 8.126 Are the following Lewis structures considered to be resonance structures? Explain. Which is... Problem 127RQ: Assign formal charges to all the atoms in the following Lewis structure of hydrazoic acid, HN3.... Problem 128RQ: 8.128 Assign formal charges to all the atoms in the Lewis structure
Suggest a lower-energy Lewis... Problem 129RQ: The inflation of an air bag when a car experiences a collision occurs by the explosive decomposition... Problem 130RQ: 8.130 How should the sulfur-oxygen bond lengths compare for the species
Problem 131RQ: What is the most reasonable Lewis structure for S2Cl2? Problem 132RQ Problem 133RQ Problem 134RQ: 8.134 Below is a ball-and-stick model of a type of alcohol derived from a hydrocarbon. What is the... Problem 135RQ: 8.135 Explain why ions of the representative elements rarely have charges greater than +3 or smaller... Problem 136RQ: Use Lewis structures to show the ionization of the following organic acid (a weak acid) in water. Problem 137RQ: The compound below, an amine, is a weak base and undergoes ionization in water following a path... Problem 138RQ: 8.138 Use Lewis structures to diagram the reaction between the acid in Problem 8.136 with the base... Problem 139RQ: How many grams of water could have its temperature raised from 25C (room temperature) to 100C (the... Problem 140RQ Problem 141RQ: A 38.40 mg sample of an organic acid composed of just carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen was burned in... Problem 142RQ: What is the average bond energy of a CC covalent bond? What wavelength of light provides enough... Problem 143RQ: One way of estimating the electronegativity of an atom is to use an average of its ionization energy... Problem 144RQ: 8.144 The attractions between molecules of a substance can be associated with the size of the... Problem 145RQ: The positive end of the dipole in a water molecule is not located on an atom. Explain why this... Problem 146RQ: In describing the structures of molecules, we use Lewis structures, formal charges, and experimental... format_list_bulleted