Chapter 8, Problem 6AP

1.

To determine

Prepare journal entries to record the machine’s purchase and other capital expenditures.

Explanation of Solution

Journal entry:

Journal entry is a set of economic events which can be measured in monetary terms. These are recorded chronologically and systematically.

Rules of Debit and Credit:

Following rules are followed for debiting and crediting different accounts while they occur in business transactions:

• Debit, all increase in assets, expenses and dividends, all decrease in liabilities, revenues and equities.
• Credit, all increase in liabilities, revenues, and equities, all decrease in assets, and expenses.

Prepare journal entries to record the machine’s purchase and other capital expenditures as follows:

Purchase of machinery in cash:

Date	Account Title and Explanation	Post Ref.	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
January, 2	Machinery		178,000
	Cash			178,000
	(To record the machinery purchased in cash)

Table (1)

• Machinery is an asset account and it increases the value of asset by $178,000. Therefore, debit machinery account for $178,000.
• Cash is an asset account and it decreases the value of asset by $178,000. Therefore, credit Cash account for $178,000.

Installation and other capital expenditure:

Date	Account Title and Explanation	Post Ref.	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
January, 3	Machinery $\left(\$2,840+\$1,160\right)$		4,000
	Cash			4,000
	(To record the capital expenditure incurred for machinery)

Table (2)

• Machinery is an asset account and it increases the value of asset by $4,000. Therefore, debit machinery account for $4,000.
• Cash is an asset account and it decreases the value of asset by $4,000. Therefore, credit Cash account for $4,000.

2.

To determine

Prepare journal entry for depreciation expense (a) First year and (b) the year of its disposal.

Explanation of Solution

Straight-Line Method:

In straight-line deprecation method the asset is used evenly throughout its useful life. This is because the amount of depreciation in straight line remains same for all the years of the useful life of the asset.

Prepare journal entry for depreciation expense (a) First year and (b) the year of its disposal as follows:

(a) First year:

Date	Account Title and Explanation	Post Ref	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
December 31	Depreciation expense-Machinery (1)		28,000
	Accumulated depreciation-Machinery			$28,000
	(To record depreciation expense incurred at the end of the first year)

Table (3)

• Depreciation expense is an expense account, and it decreases the value of equity. Hence, debit the depreciation expense by $28,000.
• Accumulated depreciation is a contra asset, and it decreases the value of assets. Therefore, credit accumulated depreciation by $28,000.

(b) The year of its disposal:

Date	Account Title and Explanation	Post Ref	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
December 31	Depreciation expense-Machinery (1)		28,000
	Accumulated depreciation-Machinery			$28,000
	(To record depreciation expense incurred at the end of the first year)

Table (4)

• Depreciation expense is an expense account, and it decreases the value of equity. Hence, debit the depreciation expense by $28,000.
• Accumulated depreciation is a contra asset, and it decreases the value of assets. Therefore, credit accumulated depreciation by $28,000.

Working note:

Compute the depreciation expenses

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Annual Depreciation}=\frac{\text{Cost of the Asset }-\text{ Residual value}}{\text{Estimated Useful Life of the Asset}}\\ =\frac{\$182,000-\text{\$14,000}}{\text{6 Years}}\\ =\$28,000\end{array}$ (1)

3.

To determine

Prepare the journal entries to record the machine’s disposal under given separate assumptions.

Explanation of Solution

Prepare the journal entries to record the machine’s disposal under given separate assumptions as follows:

(a) Machinery sold for $15,000 cash

Date	Account Title and Explanation	Post Ref	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
	Cash		15,000
	Accumulated Depreciation – Machinery (2)		140,000
	Loss on disposal of Machinery (4)		27,000
	Machinery (3)			$182,000
	(To record the loss on disposal of machinery)

Table (5)

• Cash is an asset, and it increases the value of assets by $15,000. Therefore, debit the cash account with $15,000.
• Accumulated depreciation is a contra asset, and it increases the asset by $140,000. Therefore, debit Accumulated depreciation with $140,000.
• Loss on sale of machinery is loss of the company and it decreases the value of equity by $27,000. Therefore, debit the loss on sale of machinery with $27,000.
• Machinery is an asset, and it decreases the value of assets by $182,000. Therefore, credit machinery account by $182,000.

Working note:

Calculate the accumulated depreciation for 5 years

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Accumulated Depreciation = Annual depreciation}\times 5\text{ years}\\ =\$28,000\times 5\text{ years}\\ \text{=\$140,000}\end{array}$ (2)

Calculate the book value of machinery

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Book value = Purchase cost+Capital expenditures}\\ \text{=\$178,000+\$4,000}\\ \text{=\$182,000}\end{array}$ (3)

Calculate the loss on disposal of machinery

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Loss on disposal = }\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Book value of machinery (3)}-\text{ Accumulated depreciation (2) }\\ -\text{Sales value}\end{array}\right)\\ =\$182,000-\$140,000-\$15,000\\ =\$27,000\end{array}$ (4)

(b) Machinery is sold for $50,000 cash:

Date	Account Title and Explanation	Post Ref	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
	Cash		50,000
	Accumulated Depreciation – Machinery (2)		140,000
	Machinery (3)			$182,000
	Gain from sale of machinery (5)			$8,000
	(To record the gain from disposal of machinery)

Table (6)

• Cash is an asset, and it increases the value of assets by $50,000. Therefore, debit the cash account with $50,000.
• Accumulated depreciation is a contra asset, and it increases the asset by $140,000. Therefore, debit Accumulated depreciation with $140,000.
• Machinery is an asset, and it decreases the value of assets by $182,000. Therefore, credit machinery account by $182,000.
• Gain from sale of machinery is revenue of the company and it increases the value of equity by $8,000. Therefore, debit the loss on sale of machinery with $8,000.

Working note:

Calculate the gain from disposal of machinery

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Gain from disposal = }\left(\text{Sales value }-\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Book value of machinery (3)}-\\ \text{ Accumulated depreciation (2) }\end{array}\right)\right)\\ =\$50,000-\left(\$182,000-\$140,000\right)\\ =\$8,000\end{array}$ (5)

(c) Machinery is destroyed in a fire and the insurance company pays $30,000 cash to settle the loss claim

Date	Account Title and Explanation	Post Ref	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
	Cash		30,000
	Accumulated Depreciation – Machinery (2)		140,000
	Loss on Fire (6)		12,000
	Machinery (3)			$182,000
	(To record the loss on fire)

Table (7)

• Cash is an asset, and it increases the value of assets by $15,000. Therefore, debit the cash account with $15,000.
• Accumulated depreciation is a contra asset, and it increases the asset by $140,000. Therefore, debit Accumulated depreciation with $140,000.
• Loss on fire is loss of the company and it decreases the value of equity by $12,000. Therefore, debit the loss on fire with $12,000.
• Machinery is an asset, and it decreases the value of assets by $182,000. Therefore, credit machinery account by $182,000.

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Loss on disposal = }\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{Book value of machinery (3)}-\text{ Accumulated depreciation (2) }\\ -\text{Insurance claim}\end{array}\right)\\ =\$182,000-\$140,000-\$30,000\\ =\$12,000\end{array}$ (6)