The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens. Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi , and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

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Answer 1

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Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

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Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

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Answer 5

Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

Answer 6

Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

Answer 7

Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Ch. 8 - Prob. 1KQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 2KQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 3KQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 4KQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 5KQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 6KQ

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