The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens. Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi , and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

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Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

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Answer 5

Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

Answer 6

Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

Answer 7

Chapter 8, Problem 1KQ

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reasons how the human microbiome regulates the mucosal surfaces environment and protects from pathogens.

Introduction: A complex hetero system of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoans, which lives in and on the human body, is referred to as human microbiome. It possesses symbiotic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms that share the space of human body. They play an important role in protection as well as determining health and disease in human beings.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The skin and mucous membranes are the first line of defense as they are the initial sites of the microbial invasions. The mucous membranes and the intact epithelia in the skin provide chemical and mechanical barriers that prevent the access of microbes into the body tissues. The pathogens breaching the mucous membranes are initially detected by the mononuclear phagocyte system cells that are produced by the bone marrow. Also, the specialized antibody-secreting cells are located in the mucous membranes. These cells produce antibodies of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). These antibodies bind the antigens produced by the microbes on to the mucosal surface and thereby prevent the deep entry of microbes into the tissues.

Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Ch. 8 - Prob. 1KQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 2KQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 3KQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 4KQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 5KQ Ch. 8 - Prob. 6KQ

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