For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance. Concept Introduction: Electronic effect: Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base. Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

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1. Consider these three reactions as the elementary steps in the mechanism for a chemical reaction. 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 Potential Energy (kJ) 600 400 200 0 -200- -400 -600- -800 (i) Cl₂ (g) + Pt(s) → 2Cl (g) + Pt(s) (ii) Cl (g)+ CO (g) + Pt (s) → CICO (g) + Pt (s) Ea = 1550 kJ Ea = 2240 kJ (iii) Cl (g) + CICO (g) → Cl₂CO (g) Ea = 2350 kJ AH=-950 kJ ΔΗ = 575 ΚΙ AH=-825 kJ a. Draw the potential energy diagram for the reaction. Label the data points for clarity. The potential energy of the reactants is 600 kJ Reaction Progress b. What is the overall chemical equation? c. What is the overall change in enthalpy for the above chemical reaction? d. What is the overall amount of activation energy for the above chemical reaction? e. Which reaction intermediate would be considered a catalyst (if any) and why? f. If you were to add 2700kJ of energy to the reaction (e.g. 2700 kl of heat or electricity), would you be able to make the reaction reverse itself (i.e. have…

draw the enolate anion and the carbonyl that would be needed to make this product through an aldol addition reaction.

Draw the Michael Adduct and the final product of the Robinson annulation reaction. Ignore inorganic byproducts.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

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Answer 5

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 6

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 7

Chapter 7.9, Problem 13P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given species identify whether it withdraw electrons inductively or donates electrons by hyper conjugation, withdraws electrons by resonance or donates electrons by resonance.

Concept Introduction:

Electronic effect:

Electron donating groups decreases acidity by inductive effect (withdrawal of electrons through a sigma bond). Electron withdrawal increases acidity. Electron-donating substituents destabilize a base, and decrease the strength of its conjugate acid; electron-withdrawing substituents stabilize a base, which increase the strength of its conjugate base.

Rule: The strength of a base depends on the stability of its conjugate acid.

Answer 18

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 19

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 20

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Answer 21

Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 1P Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 3P Ch. 7.6 - a. Predict the relative bond lengths of the three...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 5P Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 6P Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 7P Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 8P Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 9P Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 10P Ch. 7.8 - Which member of each pair is the stronger acid? a....

Solution Summary: The author explains that electron donating groups decrease acidity by inductive effect, while ethyl substituents donate electron by hyper conjugation.

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