Mathematical Applications for the Management, Life, and Social Sciences
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305108042
Author: Ronald J. Harshbarger, James J. Reynolds
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 7.7, Problem 5E
To determine
Whether the matrix
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29. In a fictional town, there are two restaurants, which we will call A and B for ease of reference. If someone eats at restaurant A on
one day, there is a 76% chance they will eat there again tomorrow. And if someone eats at restaurant B on one day, there is a 82 %
chance they will eat there again tomorrow. Which one of the transition matrices below correctly represents this situation?
a) A
B
A 0.76 0.34
B 0.18 0.82
b) A
B
A 0.76 0.24
B 0.18 0.82
c) A B
A 0.76 0.24
B 0.08 0.82
d) A
B
Main Content
A 0.24 0.76
B 0.82 0.18
e) None of the above.
Can someone please help me with this question. I am having so much trouble.
Ff.253.
Chapter 7 Solutions
Mathematical Applications for the Management, Life, and Social Sciences
Ch. 7.1 - CHECKPOINT
1. If a coin is drawn from a box...Ch. 7.1 - CHECKPOINT
2. A ball will be drawn from a bag...Ch. 7.1 - CHECKPOINT
3. A coin is tossed, and a die is...Ch. 7.1 - 1. One ball is drawn at random from a bag...Ch. 7.1 - 2. One ball is drawn at random from a bag...Ch. 7.1 - 3. If you draw one card at random from a deck of...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 4ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 5ECh. 7.1 - 6. A die is rolled. What is the probability...Ch. 7.1 - 7. An urn contains three red balls numbered 1, 2,...
Ch. 7.1 - 8. An urn contains three red balls numbered 1, 2,...Ch. 7.1 - 9. From a deck of 52 ordinary playing cards, one...Ch. 7.1 - 10. From a deck of 52 ordinary playing cards, one...Ch. 7.1 - 11. Suppose a fair coin is tossed two times....Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 12ECh. 7.1 - 13. Use Table 7.1 to determine the following...Ch. 7.1 - 14. (a) When a pair of distinguishable dice is...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 15ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 16ECh. 7.1 - 17. Suppose a die is tossed 1200 times and a 6...Ch. 7.1 - 18. Suppose that a coin is tossed 3000 times and...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 19ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 20ECh. 7.1 - 21. If the odds that a particular horse will win a...Ch. 7.1 - 22. If the odds that an event E will not occur are...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 23ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 24ECh. 7.1 - 25. Car maintenance A car rental firm has 425...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 26ECh. 7.1 - 27. Voting The table gives the average number of...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 28ECh. 7.1 - 29. Sales promotion In a sales promotion, a...Ch. 7.1 - 30. Management A dry cleaning firm has 12...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 31ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 32ECh. 7.1 - 33. Blood types Human blood is classified by blood...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 34ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 35ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 36ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 37ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 38ECh. 7.1 - 39. Fraud A company selling substandard drugs to...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 40ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 41ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 42ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 43ECh. 7.1 - 44. Quality control A supply of 500 plasma...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 45ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 46ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 47ECh. 7.1 - 48. Quality control A computer store offers used...Ch. 7.1 - 49. Genetics A newly married couple plan to have...Ch. 7.1 - 50. Management A frustrated store manager is asked...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 51ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 52ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 53ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 54ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 55ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 56ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 57ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 58ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 59ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 60ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 61ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 62ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 63ECh. 7.1 - 64. Ice cream The odds of an American home having...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 65ECh. 7.1 - 66. Rain If the probability of rain today is ,...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 67ECh. 7.1 - Prob. 68ECh. 7.2 - CHECKPOINT
1. If a ball is drawn from a bag...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 2CPCh. 7.2 - Prob. 1ECh. 7.2 - Prob. 2ECh. 7.2 - 5. An ordinary die is tossed. What is the...Ch. 7.2 - 6. A card is drawn at random from a deck of 52...Ch. 7.2 - 7. If the probability that event E will occur is...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 6ECh. 7.2 - In Problems 7-8, a bag contains 5 red balls...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 8ECh. 7.2 - Prob. 9ECh. 7.2 - 13. Suppose a die is biased (unfair) so that each...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 11ECh. 7.2 - Prob. 12ECh. 7.2 - 15. A bag contains 4 white, 7 black, and 6 green...Ch. 7.2 - 16. In a game where only one player can win, the...Ch. 7.2 - 17. A cube has 2 faces painted red, 2 painted...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 16ECh. 7.2 - 19. A ball is drawn from a bag containing 13 red...Ch. 7.2 - 20. A ball is drawn from a bag containing 13 red...Ch. 7.2 - 21. Drug use Forty-six percent of marijuana use...Ch. 7.2 - 22. Breast cancer According to the American Cancer...Ch. 7.2 - 23. Car maintenance A car rental firm has 425...Ch. 7.2 - 25. Linguistics Of 100 students, 24 can speak...Ch. 7.2 - 25. Linguistics Of 100 students, 24 can speak...Ch. 7.2 - 26. Management A company employs 65 people. Eight...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 25ECh. 7.2 - Photography Rob Lee knows his camera will take a...Ch. 7.2 - 29. Salaries The table gives the percent of...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 28ECh. 7.2 - 31. Workers The table gives the projected number...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 30ECh. 7.2 - Prob. 31ECh. 7.2 - Prob. 32ECh. 7.2 - Prob. 33ECh. 7.2 - Prob. 34ECh. 7.2 - 37. Education A mathematics class consists of
16...Ch. 7.2 - 38. Parts delivery Repairing a copy machine...Ch. 7.2 - Oil drilling The table summarizes the opinions of...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 38ECh. 7.2 - Prob. 39ECh. 7.2 - Prob. 40ECh. 7.2 - Prob. 41ECh. 7.2 - 44. Job bids Three construction companies have bid...Ch. 7.2 - Prob. 43ECh. 7.2 - Prob. 44ECh. 7.2 - Prob. 45ECh. 7.2 - Prob. 46ECh. 7.3 - CHECKPOINT
1. Suppose that one ball is drawn from...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 2CPCh. 7.3 - 1. A card is drawn from a deck of 52 playing...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 2ECh. 7.3 - 3. A die has been “loaded so that the probability...Ch. 7.3 - 4. A die has been “loaded” so that the probability...Ch. 7.3 - 5. A bag contains 9 red balls numbered 1, 2, 3, 4,...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 6ECh. 7.3 - 7. A bag contains 4 red balls and 6 white balls....Ch. 7.3 - 8. A fair die is rolled. Find the probability that...Ch. 7.3 - 9. A fair coin is tossed 3 times. Find the...Ch. 7.3 - 10. A fair coin is tossed 14 times. What is the...Ch. 7.3 - 11. A die is thrown twice. What is the probability...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 12ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 13ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 14ECh. 7.3 - 15. (a) A box contains 3 red balls, 2 white balls,...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 16ECh. 7.3 - 17. Two balls are drawn from a bag containing 3...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 18ECh. 7.3 - 19. A bag contains 9 nickels, 4 dimes, and 5...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 20ECh. 7.3 - 21. A red ball and 4 white balls are in a box. If...Ch. 7.3 - 22. From a deck of 52 playing cards, two cards are...Ch. 7.3 - 23. One card is drawn at random from a deck of 52...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 24ECh. 7.3 - 25. Two balls are drawn without replacement from a...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 26ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 27ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 28ECh. 7.3 - Carbon emissions The table gives the results of a...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 30ECh. 7.3 - Oil drilling Suppose the table summarizes the...Ch. 7.3 - Oil drilling Suppose the table summarizes the...Ch. 7.3 - Oil drilling Suppose the table summarizes the...Ch. 7.3 - Oil drilling Suppose the table summarizes the...Ch. 7.3 - Oil drilling Suppose the table summarizes the...Ch. 7.3 - Oil drilling Suppose the table summarizes the...Ch. 7.3 - Oil drilling Suppose the table summarizes the...Ch. 7.3 - Oil drilling Suppose the table summarizes the...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 39ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 40ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 41ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 42ECh. 7.3 - 43. Quality control Each computer component that...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 44ECh. 7.3 - 45. Lactose intolerance Lactose intolerance...Ch. 7.3 - 46. Quality control If 3% of all light bulbs a...Ch. 7.3 - 47. Quality control To test its shotgun shells, a...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 48ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 49ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 50ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 51ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 52ECh. 7.3 - 53. Maintenance Twenty-three percent of the cars...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 54ECh. 7.3 - 55. Testing An unprepared student must take a...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 56ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 57ECh. 7.3 - 58. Racing Suppose that the odds that Blackjack...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 59ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 60ECh. 7.3 - Prob. 61ECh. 7.3 - 62. Crime In an actual case.’ probability was used...Ch. 7.4 - CHECKPOINT
1. Urn I contains 3 gold coins, urn II...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 2CPCh. 7.4 - Prob. 1ECh. 7.4 - Prob. 2ECh. 7.4 - In Problems 1-12, use probability trees to find...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 4ECh. 7.4 - In Problems 1-12, use probability trees to find...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 6ECh. 7.4 - In Problems 1-12, use probability trees to find...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 8ECh. 7.4 - Prob. 9ECh. 7.4 - Prob. 10ECh. 7.4 - In Problems 1-12, use probability trees to find...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 12ECh. 7.4 - In Problems 13-16, use (a) a probability tree and...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 14ECh. 7.4 - In Problems 13-16, use (a) a probability tree and...Ch. 7.4 - In Problems 13-16, use (a) a probability tree and...Ch. 7.4 - 17. Lactose intolerance Lactose intolerance...Ch. 7.4 - 18. Genetics What is the probability that a couple...Ch. 7.4 - 19. Marksmanship Suppose that a marksman hits the...Ch. 7.4 - 20. Majors In a random survey of students...Ch. 7.4 - Quality control Suppose a box contains 3 defective...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 22ECh. 7.4 - 23. Alcoholism A small town has 8000 adult males...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 24ECh. 7.4 - 27. Pregnancy test A self-administered pregnancy...Ch. 7.4 - 29. Survey In a Student Activity Participation...Ch. 7.4 - Prob. 30ECh. 7.5 - CHECKPOINT
1. If a state permits either a letter...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 2CPCh. 7.5 - Prob. 3CPCh. 7.5 - Prob. 4CPCh. 7.5 - Prob. 5CPCh. 7.5 - 1. Compute .
Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 2ECh. 7.5 - 3. Compute .
Ch. 7.5 - 4. Compute .
Ch. 7.5 - 5. Compute .
Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 6ECh. 7.5 - 7. How many four-digit numbers can be formed from...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 8ECh. 7.5 - 9. Compute .
Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 10ECh. 7.5 - Prob. 11ECh. 7.5 - Prob. 12ECh. 7.5 - Prob. 13ECh. 7.5 - Prob. 14ECh. 7.5 - 15. Compute .
Ch. 7.5 - 16. Compute .
Ch. 7.5 - 17. Compute .
Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 18ECh. 7.5 - 19. Compute .
Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 20ECh. 7.5 - Prob. 21ECh. 7.5 - Prob. 22ECh. 7.5 - 23. Binz, not Benz Mercedes Benz E-Class sedans...Ch. 7.5 - 24. Ice cream cones Baskin-Robbins’logo includes...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 25ECh. 7.5 - License plates If a state wants each of its...Ch. 7.5 - 28. Racing Eight horses are entered in a race. In...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 29ECh. 7.5 - 30. Testing An examination consists of 12...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 31ECh. 7.5 - Prob. 32ECh. 7.5 - 33. Management A department store manager wants to...Ch. 7.5 - 34. Call letters The call letters for radio...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 35ECh. 7.5 - 36. Testing How many ways can a 10-question...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 37ECh. 7.5 - Prob. 38ECh. 7.5 - Prob. 39ECh. 7.5 - 40. Astronauts If 8 people are qualified for the...Ch. 7.5 - 41. Sales A traveling salesperson has 30 products...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 42ECh. 7.5 - Prob. 43ECh. 7.5 - Prob. 44ECh. 7.5 - Prob. 45ECh. 7.5 - Prob. 46ECh. 7.5 - 47. Committees In how many ways can a committee...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 48ECh. 7.6 - CHECKPOINT
1. If three wires (red, black, and...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 2CPCh. 7.6 - 1. Education If a child is given cards with A, C,...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 2ECh. 7.6 - Politics A poll asks voters to rank Social...Ch. 7.6 - 4. Photography Two men and a woman are lined up to...Ch. 7.6 - 5. License plates Suppose that all license plates...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 6ECh. 7.6 - 7. ATMs
(a) An automatic teller machine requires...Ch. 7.6 - 8. Keys Keys for antique General Motors cars had...Ch. 7.6 - 9. Phone numbers If the first digit of a...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 10ECh. 7.6 - 11. Rewards As a reward for a record year, the Ace...Ch. 7.6 - 12. Mutual funds The retirement plan for a company...Ch. 7.6 - 13. Testing In a 10-question matching test with 10...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 14ECh. 7.6 - Quality control A box of 12 transistors has 3...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 16ECh. 7.6 - 17. Quality control A retailer purchases 100 of a...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 18ECh. 7.6 - 19. Banking To see whether a bank has enough...Ch. 7.6 - 20. Diversity A high school principal must select...Ch. 7.6 - 21. Diversity Suppose that an employer plans to...Ch. 7.6 - 22. Lottery Four men and three women are...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 23ECh. 7.6 - 24. Sales A car dealer has 12 different cars that...Ch. 7.6 - 25. Diversity Suppose that two openings on an...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 26ECh. 7.6 - 27. Management Suppose that an indecisive company...Ch. 7.6 - 28. Quality control Suppose that 10 computer chips...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 29ECh. 7.6 - Prob. 30ECh. 7.6 - Prob. 31ECh. 7.6 - 32. Evaluation Employees of a firm receive annual...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 33ECh. 7.6 - Prob. 34ECh. 7.6 - 35. Poker A flush (5 cards from the same suit) is...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 36ECh. 7.6 - Prob. 37ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 1CPCh. 7.7 - Can the vectors in Problems 1-4 be probability...Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 2ECh. 7.7 - Can the vectors in Problems 1-4 be probability...Ch. 7.7 - Can the vectors in Problems 1-4 be probability...Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 5ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 6ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 7ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 8ECh. 7.7 - In Problems 9-12, use the given transition matrix...Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 10ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 11ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 12ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 13ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 14ECh. 7.7 - 15. Use the matrix and initial probability vector...Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 16ECh. 7.7 - In Problems 17-20, find the steady-state vector...Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 18ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 19ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 20ECh. 7.7 - Politics Use the following information for...Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 22ECh. 7.7 - Church attendance Use the following information...Ch. 7.7 - Church attendance Use the following information...Ch. 7.7 - Church attendance Use the following information...Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 26ECh. 7.7 - Car selection Use the following information for...Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 28ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 29ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 30ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 31ECh. 7.7 - Car selection Use the following information for...Ch. 7.7 - 33. Population demographics Suppose a government...Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 34ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 35ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 36ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 37ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 38ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 39ECh. 7.7 - Prob. 40ECh. 7 - 1. If one ball is drawn from a bag containing 9...Ch. 7 - 2. Suppose a ball is drawn from a bag containing 9...Ch. 7 - 3. If the probability that an event E occurs is...Ch. 7 - 4. Suppose that a fair coin is tossed two times....Ch. 7 - 5. Suppose that a fair coin is tossed three times....Ch. 7 - 6. A card is drawn at random from an ordinary deck...Ch. 7 - 7. A deck of 52 cards is shuffled. A card is...Ch. 7 - Prob. 8RECh. 7 - Prob. 9RECh. 7 - Prob. 10RECh. 7 - 11. A bag contains 4 red balls numbered 1, 2, 3, 4...Ch. 7 - Prob. 12RECh. 7 - Prob. 13RECh. 7 - Prob. 14RECh. 7 - Prob. 15RECh. 7 - Prob. 16RECh. 7 - Prob. 17RECh. 7 - Prob. 18RECh. 7 - 19. Bag A contains 3 red, 6 black, and 5 white...Ch. 7 - Prob. 20RECh. 7 - Prob. 21RECh. 7 - Prob. 22RECh. 7 - 23. How many combinations of 8 things taken 5 at a...Ch. 7 - Prob. 24RECh. 7 - Prob. 25RECh. 7 - 26. Find the steady-state vector associated with...Ch. 7 - 27. Senior citizens In a certain city, 30,000...Ch. 7 - Prob. 28RECh. 7 - 29. United Nations Of 100 job applicants to the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 30RECh. 7 - Prob. 31RECh. 7 - Productivity Suppose that in a study of leadership...Ch. 7 - 33. Quality control A product must pass an initial...Ch. 7 - Prob. 34RECh. 7 - 36. Purchasing A regional survey found that of...Ch. 7 - 38. Management A personnel director ranks 4...Ch. 7 - Prob. 37RECh. 7 - Prob. 38RECh. 7 - Prob. 39RECh. 7 - Prob. 40RECh. 7 - 43. License plates The RBC Heritage Classic...Ch. 7 - Prob. 42RECh. 7 - Prob. 43RECh. 7 - Prob. 44RECh. 7 - Prob. 45RECh. 7 - 48. Quality control A supplier has 200 compact...Ch. 7 - 49. Stocks Mr. Way must sell stocks from 3 of the...Ch. 7 - 50. Quality control A sample of 6 fuses is drawn...Ch. 7 - Income levels Use the following information for...Ch. 7 - Prob. 50RECh. 7 - Prob. 1TCh. 7 - Prob. 2TCh. 7 - A bag contains three white balls numbered 1, 2, 3...Ch. 7 - A bag contains three white balls numbered 1, 2, 3...Ch. 7 - A bag contains three white balls numbered 1, 2, 3...Ch. 7 - Prob. 6TCh. 7 - Prob. 7TCh. 7 - Prob. 8TCh. 7 - Prob. 9TCh. 7 - 10. A cat hits the letters on a computer keyboard...Ch. 7 - Prob. 11TCh. 7 - Prob. 12TCh. 7 - Prob. 13TCh. 7 - Prob. 14TCh. 7 - Prob. 15TCh. 7 - 16. Computer chips come from two suppliers, with ...Ch. 7 - 17. A placement test is given by a university to...Ch. 7 - 18. Lactose intolerance affects about of...Ch. 7 - Prob. 19TCh. 7 - Prob. 20TCh. 7 - Prob. 21TCh. 7 - 22. A publishing company has determined that a new...
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- Suppose a two- state experiment has the following transition matrix: P= 0.5 0.5 1 0 (a) If the experiment is in state 2 on the third observation, what is the probability that it will be in state 2 on the seventh observation? (b) If the experiment is in state 1 on the third observation, what is the probability it will be in state 1 on the fourth, fifth, and sixth observation?arrow_forwardA Leslie Matrix is given below: [ 3.4 3 3 3 ] [ 0.6 0 0 0 ] [ 0 0.3 0 0 ] [ 0 0 0.5 0 ] 1) What is the % (percentage) of the 1 year olds that survive into the 2 year old age group? 2) What is the average for 2 year old females to have a female offspring?arrow_forwardCan someone please help me with these two questions. I am having so much trouble.arrow_forward
- Suppose a two-state experiment has the following transition matrix: 0.5 0.5 1 Answer the following questions: 1. If the experiment is in state 1 on the first observation, what is the probability it will be in state 2 on the second observation? 2. If the experiment is in state 1 on the first observation, what is the probability it will be in state 2 on the fourth observation? ... 3. If the experiment is in state 2 on the third observation, what is the probability that it will be in state 2 on the seventh observation? 4. If the experiment is in state 1 on the third observation, what is the probability it will be in state 1 on the fourth, fifth, and sixth observation?arrow_forwardCan someone please help me with these questions. I am having so much trouble. The questions had to be in separate pictures.arrow_forwardConsider a species of elk that can be split into 4 age groupings: those aged 0-1 years, those aged 1-2 years, and those aged 2-3 years, and those aged 3-4 years. The population is observed once a year. Given that the Leslie matrix is equal to 0 1.1 1.7 0.8 0 0 1.3] 0 L= 0 0.6 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 and the initial population distribution is 40 of the first age group, 17 of the second age group, 10 of the third group, and 5 of the oldest age group, answer the following questions. The initial population vector is x0 = How many elk aged 1-2 years are there expected to be after 10 years? How many elk aged 0-1 years are there expected to be after 20 years? How many elk are there expected to be after 30 years? Calculate the dominant eigenvalue of the Leslie matrix good to 3 decimal places. λ1 = What is the long-term growth rate of this population of elk as a percent? growth rate = over/under 100%.) Are the elk thriving, static, or going extinct? ? (The growth rate is the percentage of growtharrow_forward
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