Chapter 7.6, Problem 20CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined that whether they will undergo carbo cation rearrangement step.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction. The tertiary carbo cation substrate favors this mechanism strongly since it is the most stable species among the carbo cation.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

Carbo-cation Rearrangement: The carbo cation formed rearranges itself to given more stable carbo cation via methyl or hydrogen migration from the neighboring carbon present in the substrate.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined that whether they will undergo carbo cation rearrangement step.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction. The tertiary carbo cation substrate favors this mechanism strongly since it is the most stable species among the carbo cation.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

Carbo-cation Rearrangement: The carbo cation formed rearranges itself to given more stable carbo cation via methyl or hydrogen migration from the neighboring carbon present in the substrate.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined that whether they will undergo carbo cation rearrangement step.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction. The tertiary carbo cation substrate favors this mechanism strongly since it is the most stable species among the carbo cation.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

Carbo-cation Rearrangement: The carbo cation formed rearranges itself to given more stable carbo cation via methyl or hydrogen migration from the neighboring carbon present in the substrate.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined that whether they will undergo carbo cation rearrangement step.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction. The tertiary carbo cation substrate favors this mechanism strongly since it is the most stable species among the carbo cation.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

Carbo-cation Rearrangement: The carbo cation formed rearranges itself to given more stable carbo cation via methyl or hydrogen migration from the neighboring carbon present in the substrate.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined that whether they will undergo carbo cation rearrangement step.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction. The tertiary carbo cation substrate favors this mechanism strongly since it is the most stable species among the carbo cation.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

Carbo-cation Rearrangement: The carbo cation formed rearranges itself to given more stable carbo cation via methyl or hydrogen migration from the neighboring carbon present in the substrate.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given set of substrates in ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ process should be determined that whether they will undergo carbo cation rearrangement step.

Concept Introduction:

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ reaction. The tertiary carbo cation substrate favors this mechanism strongly since it is the most stable species among the carbo cation.

Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.

Carbocation stability order:

Carbo-cation Rearrangement: The carbo cation formed rearranges itself to given more stable carbo cation via methyl or hydrogen migration from the neighboring carbon present in the substrate.

Leaving group: it is a fragment that leaves substrate with a pair of electrons via heterolytic bond cleavage.

Nucleophile: donates pair of electrons to positively charged substrate resulting in the formation of chemical bond.