Chapter 7, Problem 45QP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The orbital diagrams for the ground-state electron arrangement for silicon, lithium, and phosphorus on the basis of the Aufbau’s principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, and Hund’s rule are to be completed.

Concept Introduction:

Orbital diagrams are the descriptions of the electrons in an atom in a pictorial form by following the Aufbau’s principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, and Hund’s rule.

Aufbau principle states that in the ground state of an atom the electrons are filled in the orbital in the increasing order of orbital energy level, which means the lowest energy level is filled before those of higher energy levels.

Pauli’s exclusion principle states that two electrons that represent in an atom or molecule never have the same four electronic quantum numbers. An orbital that carries a maximum of two electrons should have opposite spin which means that one electron must be up-spin and another must have a down spin.

Hund’s rule states that before the double occupation of any orbital, every orbital in the sub-level is singly occupied and the electron present in the singly occupied orbitals possess identical spin.