The given reaction using mechanistic arguments involving Newman projections is to be explained. Concept Introduction: ▸ Newman projected two types of spatial arrangements of molecules: staggered and eclipsed Newman projections. ▸ Staggered conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 60 ∘ dihedral angle. It is also called anti-coplanar transition or anti-conformation. It has low potential energy because of less torsional strain and hence, is more stable ▸ Eclipsed conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 0 ∘ dihedral angle. It is also called syn-planar transition or gauche-conformation. It has high potential energy because of high torsional strain and hence, is less stable. ▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules. ▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active. ▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry. ▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive. ▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers. ▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light ▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light. ▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center. ▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority. ▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass , then, it is assigned according to first point of difference. ▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer. ▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as ( R ) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as ( S ) .

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 2LGP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction using mechanistic arguments involving Newman projections is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ Newman projected two types of spatial arrangements of molecules: staggered and eclipsed Newman projections.

▸ Staggered conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 60∘ dihedral angle. It is also called anti-coplanar transition or anti-conformation. It has low potential energy because of less torsional strain and hence, is more stable

▸ Eclipsed conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 0∘ dihedral angle. It is also called syn-planar transition or gauche-conformation. It has high potential energy because of high torsional strain and hence, is less stable.

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 2LGP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction using mechanistic arguments involving Newman projections is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ Newman projected two types of spatial arrangements of molecules: staggered and eclipsed Newman projections.

▸ Staggered conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 60∘ dihedral angle. It is also called anti-coplanar transition or anti-conformation. It has low potential energy because of less torsional strain and hence, is more stable

▸ Eclipsed conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 0∘ dihedral angle. It is also called syn-planar transition or gauche-conformation. It has high potential energy because of high torsional strain and hence, is less stable.

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 2LGP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction using mechanistic arguments involving Newman projections is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ Newman projected two types of spatial arrangements of molecules: staggered and eclipsed Newman projections.

▸ Staggered conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 60∘ dihedral angle. It is also called anti-coplanar transition or anti-conformation. It has low potential energy because of less torsional strain and hence, is more stable

▸ Eclipsed conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 0∘ dihedral angle. It is also called syn-planar transition or gauche-conformation. It has high potential energy because of high torsional strain and hence, is less stable.

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 2LGP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction using mechanistic arguments involving Newman projections is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ Newman projected two types of spatial arrangements of molecules: staggered and eclipsed Newman projections.

▸ Staggered conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 60∘ dihedral angle. It is also called anti-coplanar transition or anti-conformation. It has low potential energy because of less torsional strain and hence, is more stable

▸ Eclipsed conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 0∘ dihedral angle. It is also called syn-planar transition or gauche-conformation. It has high potential energy because of high torsional strain and hence, is less stable.

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 2LGP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction using mechanistic arguments involving Newman projections is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ Newman projected two types of spatial arrangements of molecules: staggered and eclipsed Newman projections.

▸ Staggered conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 60∘ dihedral angle. It is also called anti-coplanar transition or anti-conformation. It has low potential energy because of less torsional strain and hence, is more stable

▸ Eclipsed conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 0∘ dihedral angle. It is also called syn-planar transition or gauche-conformation. It has high potential energy because of high torsional strain and hence, is less stable.

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 2LGP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction using mechanistic arguments involving Newman projections is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ Newman projected two types of spatial arrangements of molecules: staggered and eclipsed Newman projections.

▸ Staggered conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 60∘ dihedral angle. It is also called anti-coplanar transition or anti-conformation. It has low potential energy because of less torsional strain and hence, is more stable

▸ Eclipsed conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 0∘ dihedral angle. It is also called syn-planar transition or gauche-conformation. It has high potential energy because of high torsional strain and hence, is less stable.

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 2LGP

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The given reaction using mechanistic arguments involving Newman projections is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

▸ Newman projected two types of spatial arrangements of molecules: staggered and eclipsed Newman projections.

▸ Staggered conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 60∘ dihedral angle. It is also called anti-coplanar transition or anti-conformation. It has low potential energy because of less torsional strain and hence, is more stable

▸ Eclipsed conformation: It is the arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule resulting in a 0∘ dihedral angle. It is also called syn-planar transition or gauche-conformation. It has high potential energy because of high torsional strain and hence, is less stable.

▸ The molecules which are non-superimposable or not identical with their mirror images are known as chiral molecules.

▸ A pair of two mirror images which are non-identical is known as enantiomers which are optically active.

▸ The objects or molecules which are superimposable with their mirror images are achiral objects or molecules and these objects have a centre of symmetry or plane of symmetry.

▸ The achiral compounds in which plane of symmetry is present internally and consists of chiral centres are known as meso compounds but they are optically inactive.

▸ The stereoisomers which are non-superimposable on each other and not mirror images of each other are known as diastereomers.

▸ Chiral molecules are capable of rotating plane polarized light

▸ The molecules which are superimposable or identical with their mirror images are known as achiral molecules, and achiral molecules are not capable of rotating the plane-polarised light.

▸ Priority is given to all the four group attached to the chirality center.

▸ Priority is assigned on the basis of the atomic number of the atom. Higher the atomic number, higher will be its priority.

▸ If priority cannot be assigned according to atomic mass, then, it is assigned according to first point of difference.

▸ After assigning priority to the four groups, rotate the molecule such that fourth priority group is away from the observer.

▸ Now, move from a to b to c; if the direction is clockwise, then the chiral center designated as (R) and if the direction is anticlockwise, then the chiral center designated as (S).

Answer 8

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Answer 9

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Answer 10

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Answer 11

Ch. 7 - Prob. 1PP Ch. 7 - Prob. 2PP Ch. 7 - Prob. 3PP Ch. 7 - Prob. 4PP Ch. 7 - Practice Problem 7.5 How many stereoisomers are...Ch. 7 - Prob. 6PP Ch. 7 - Prob. 7PP Ch. 7 - PRACTICE PROBLEM 7.8 Examine Solved Problem 7.3....Ch. 7 - Prob. 9PP Ch. 7 - Practice Problem 7.10 When...

Solution Summary: The author explains the two types of spatial arrangements of molecules: staggered and eclipsed Newman projections.

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