In addition to the key words, you should also be able to define the following terms:
Third-variable problem
Placebo
Directionality problem
Mundane realism
Confounding variable
Experimental realism
Random process

The meaning of the terms related to experimental research
Answer to Problem 1E
Solution:
The definition of all the terms is as follows:
Third variable problem: many a times it is observed that when two variables are studied and a relation of cause and effect is observed in them, there may actually be a third variable, that causes both the variables to change, and thus it appears to us that they are related. Though the actual cause of the change in both the variables is a third variable, this is not considered in the research.
Directionality problem: It is important to know what the cause is and what the effect is, merely getting a relation does not help. When there are two variables it is important to understand, which one is the stimulus and which one of them is the response. Setting the direction of research is important. When there is confusion with regards to the direction it is called directionality problem.
Confounding variable: Any extraneous variable in a research which is not controlled may start varying with the independent variable, and cause to affect the result, that is an extraneous variable if not controlled turns to be a confounding variable. Such a confounding variable that distorts the relation of dependent and independent variable in the research actually is a big threat to the internal validity of the research.
Random process: these are the processes that are time varying functions. Each time unit is assigned an outcome. This process can be used to find average over a period of time. The reason it is called random is because the evolution of the process is random, it is not deterministic.
Placebo: It is the effect observed when a group in the experiment is a given a dose that is not the treatment and causes not effect on the experimental units of this group. The reaction of all these units is observed, since they think that they have received the treatment. This effect is called Placebo effect, and the group that is assigned placebo is called placebo group of control group.
Mundane realism: This implies to the fact that up-to what extent the materials and the processes and the steps used in the research are similar to the real world events. This helps in the generalization of the research outcomes to the real world. It helps in measuring the external validity. It lets us know how close to reality the research is.
Experimental realism: It is the extent to which the situations created in the research are impactful on the participants. It mostly relates to psychology because it tells how participants feel during the experiment, does it match with the real-world experience and if yes, up to what extent does it match.
Explanation of Solution
Conclusion:
Thus by defining various terms related to experimental study, we get better insight of what an experimental study is, what problems are encountered in it, and what is like creating an environment that matches the real world, or a scenario that feels the same.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 7 Solutions
MINDTAP PSYCHOLOGY FOR GRAVETTER/FORZAN
- solve this on paperarrow_forwardApply STATA commands & submit the output for each question only when indicated below i. Apply the command egen to create a variable called "wyd" which is the rowtotal function on variables bwght & faminc. ii. Apply the list command for the first 10 observations to show that the code in part i worked. Include the outcome of this code iii. Apply the egen command to create a new variable called "bwghtsum" using the sum function on variable bwght by the variable high_faminc (Note: need to apply the bysort' statement) iv. Apply the "by high_faminc" statement to find the V. descriptive statistics of bwght and bwghtsum Include the output of this code. Why is there a difference between the standard deviations of bwght and bwghtsum from part iv of this question?arrow_forwardAccording to a health information website, the distribution of adults’ diastolic blood pressure (in millimeters of mercury, mmHg) can be modeled by a normal distribution with mean 70 mmHg and standard deviation 20 mmHg. b. Above what diastolic pressure would classify someone in the highest 1% of blood pressures? Show all calculations used.arrow_forward
- Write STATA codes which will generate the outcomes in the questions & submit the output for each question only when indicated below i. ii. iii. iv. V. Write a code which will allow STATA to go to your favorite folder to access your files. Load the birthweight1.dta dataset from your favorite folder and save it under a different filename to protect data integrity. Call the new dataset babywt.dta (make sure to use the replace option). Verify that it contains 2,998 observations and 8 variables. Include the output of this code. Are there missing observations for variable(s) for the variables called bwght, faminc, cigs? How would you know? (You may use more than one code to show your answer(s)) Include the output of your code (s). Write the definitions of these variables: bwght, faminc, male, white, motheduc,cigs; which of these variables are categorical? [Hint: use the labels of the variables & the browse command] Who is this dataset about? Who can use this dataset to answer what kind of…arrow_forwardApply STATA commands & submit the output for each question only when indicated below İ. ii. iii. iv. V. Apply the command summarize on variables bwght and faminc. What is the average birthweight of babies and family income of the respondents? Include the output of this code. Apply the tab command on the variable called male. How many of the babies and what share of babies are male? Include the output of this code. Find the summary statistics (i.e. use the sum command) of the variables bwght and faminc if the babies are white. Include the output of this code. Find the summary statistics (i.e. use the sum command) of the variables bwght and faminc if the babies are male but not white. Include the output of this code. Using your answers to previous subparts of this question: What is the difference between the average birthweight of a baby who is male and a baby who is male but not white? What can you say anything about the difference in family income of the babies that are male and male…arrow_forwardA public health researcher is studying the impacts of nudge marketing techniques on shoppers vegetablesarrow_forward
- The director of admissions at Kinzua University in Nova Scotia estimated the distribution of student admissions for the fall semester on the basis of past experience. Admissions Probability 1,100 0.5 1,400 0.4 1,300 0.1 Click here for the Excel Data File Required: What is the expected number of admissions for the fall semester? Compute the variance and the standard deviation of the number of admissions. Note: Round your standard deviation to 2 decimal places.arrow_forwardA pollster randomly selected four of 10 available people. Required: How many different groups of 4 are possible? What is the probability that a person is a member of a group? Note: Round your answer to 3 decimal places.arrow_forwardWind Mountain is an archaeological study area located in southwestern New Mexico. Potsherds are broken pieces of prehistoric Native American clay vessels. One type of painted ceramic vessel is called Mimbres classic black-on-white. At three different sites the number of such sherds was counted in local dwelling excavations. Test given. Site I Site II Site III 63 19 60 43 34 21 23 49 51 48 11 15 16 46 26 20 31 Find .arrow_forward
- Rothamsted Experimental Station (England) has studied wheat production since 1852. Each year many small plots of equal size but different soil/fertilizer conditions are planted with wheat. At the end of the growing season, the yield (in pounds) of the wheat on the plot is measured. Suppose for a random sample of years, one plot gave the following annual wheat production (in pounds): 4.46 4.21 4.40 4.81 2.81 2.90 4.93 3.54 4.16 4.48 3.26 4.74 4.97 4.02 4.91 2.59 Use a calculator to verify that the sample variance for this plot is . Another random sample of years for a second plot gave the following annual wheat production (in pounds): 3.89 3.81 3.95 4.07 4.01 3.73 4.02 3.78 3.72 3.96 3.62 3.76 4.02 3.73 3.94 4.03 Use a calculator to verify that the sample variance for this plot is . Suppose that we test the claim using that the population variance of annual wheat production for the first plot is larger…arrow_forwardIt is thought that prehistoric Native Americans did not take their best tools, pottery, and household items when they visited higher elevations for their summer camps. It is hypothesized that archaeological sites tend to lose their cultural identity and specific cultural affiliation as the elevation of the site increases. Let x be the elevation (in thousands of feet) for an archaeological site in the southwestern United States. Let y be the percentage of unidentified artifacts (no specific cultural affiliation) at a given elevation. Suppose that the following data were obtained for a collection of archaeological sites in New Mexico: x 5.50 6.00 6.75 7.00 7.75 y 37 38 92 70 99 Find the equation of the least squares line . Round a and b to three decimal places.arrow_forwardA fitness trainer wants to estimate the effect of fitness activities on muscle mass for different weight categories of club members. They choose the most popular fitness classes at the gym: yoga, circuit training, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Suppose that the weights of club members are separated into three levels: under 155 pounds, 155 – 200 pounds, and over 200 pounds. Draw a flow chart showing the design of this experiment.arrow_forward
- Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw HillBig Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...AlgebraISBN:9781680331141Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURTPublisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt


