MICROBIOLOGY: EVOLV.SCI.-W/ACCESS>CI<
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780393622805
Author: SLONCZEWSKI
Publisher: Norton custom
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Chapter 6.5, Problem 2TQ
Summary Introduction
To review :
Advantages and disadvantages of replication by the host polymerase in comparison with using a polymerase encoded by its own genome.
Introduction:
Viral replication is dependent on the form of the viral genome. The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) genome uses host replication enzymes. On the other hand, RNA (ribonucleic acid) genome requires an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to produce an RNA template or a reverse transcriptase to create a DNA template which is the case of retroviruses.
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What is crystallization of a virus? What is the importance of this process?
Some retroviruses that have a wide host range have been developed for use in treatment of diseases or syndromes. These viruses do not result in a productive infection because they lack critical genes for viral
replication, but they do carry DNA sequences that allow them to be packaged into infectious particles. Once in the host cell the viral DNA is released and integrates into the cell's genome. The advantage to this
strategy is that the delivery of the DNA is very efficient. What is one possible problem of using a virus that can integrate into the human nuclear genome?
Multiple Choice
The virus carries genes that will interfere with host cell activities.
The viral DNA sequences could still cause a disease.
Since the viral DNA sequences no longer contain essential genes for viral replication the host cell may not be able to replicate either.
The integration could disrupt an essential gene or genes.
we can stop the biosynthesis stage of the viral life cycle (not the stages before it) by
preventing/inhibiting:
A) fusion of the envelope and the plasma membrane
B) replication and expression of viral nucleic acid/genome
C) the virus's attachment molecules from binding to the host cell receptor
D) new copies of viral nucleic acid from combining with newly made viral proteins
E)budding
Chapter 6 Solutions
MICROBIOLOGY: EVOLV.SCI.-W/ACCESS>CI<
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- After a positive strand RNA virus ( Such as Coronaviruses) enters the host cell, the RNA is translated by ribosomes to create proteins associated with the virus (Such as, for example, the surface antigens like E and Spike proteins). How then, would the genetic material itself be replicated to be incorporated into the new viruses?.arrow_forwardA viral particle adsorbs onto a host cell membrane. It uncoats and releases its single-stranded nonsegmented nucleic acid into the cytoplasm where it is immed dependent RNA polymerase, into mRNA. It is then translated into viral structural proteins and enzymes. Which of the following virus families is most likely repre A) Herpesviridae B) Paramyxoviridae C) Parvoviridae D) Reovirius E) Retroviridaearrow_forwardDescribe the functions of the transcriptase/replicase complex in coronavirus replication.arrow_forward
- What is the basic structure of the HIV virus? What is the function of the glycoproteins of its envelope?arrow_forwardWhich structure of a virus protects it from degradation, contains its genome, and enables it to be transmitted outside the host? A) O capsule B) O capsid C) O envelope D) O nucleus E) O spikesarrow_forwardAs a general rule, viruses are not considered to be alive based on several reasons. One such reason is that some viruses use RNA as their genetic material instead of DNA. Which of the five biological themes does this violate? Briefly explain why.arrow_forward
- Match each of the following replication classes of viruses with the one description that best describes it. This virus class is composed of segmented and non-segmented helical viruses that carry an RdRp within the virion into the cell. Example: Rabies virus These viruses are non- enveloped, icosahedral, have segmented genomes, and carry their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The viral genome is copied following assembly. Example: Reovirus This is the only class of RNA viruses whose genome is replicated by cellular enzymes and not an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Cellular DNA polymerases replicate this virus's non- integrated genome, although transcription is not the initial event that takes place in the process. Example: Parvoviruses In this class of viruses, transcription occurs before genome replication because viral proteins are involved in replicating the genome. Example: Adenovirus This class of viruses forms circular DNA and creates pre- genomic RNA using host RNA polymerases.…arrow_forwardDescribe the lysogenic pathway of a virus. How different is it from the lytic pathway?arrow_forwardAnswer the following regarding the varicella-zoster virus: a) the biology of the virus ( type: DNA/RNA type: single or double stranded) b) how it replicates c) life cycle of the virus (binding, fusion, reverse transcription, integration, replication, and assembly)arrow_forward
- Coronaviruses have a positive-sense single stranded RNA genome. a.) What is the genome replication strategy of this category of viruses? b.) How do you think this feature affects the stability of the viral genome? (hint use figure below) Mutation rates in different types of viruses. Estimates obtained for viruses belonging to the major indicated groups are shown as a function of genome size. This reveals an effect of genetic material (RNA/DNA) and genome size on viral mutation rates.arrow_forwardList three differences between the structure of HIV and the virus that causes influenza. For one of these differences, explain how the STRUCTURE is key to the FUNCTION of the virus.arrow_forward. Disabling surface protease enzymes on lung cells would most likely interfere with what stage of viral reproduction? A). Viral RNA replication. B). Virus binding to the host cell. C). Formation of new virus membranes in the host cell. D). Creation of new spike protein.arrow_forward
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