Chapter 6, Problem 6.54P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

A reaction roadmap have to be made for the reactions in the study Guide section of chapters 6-11.

Concept Introduction:

Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of $\text{H-X}$ becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.

Anti-Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regiochemistry where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

Unsaturated compound: The nucleophile reacts with $\alpha ,\beta$- unsaturated aldehyde or ketones forming either direct addition product or conjugate addition product. When the nucleophile is a weak base conjugate addition product predominates.

The alkylation at the β carbon of ketone or aldehyde is done by the following mechanism;

(1) Alkylating the β carbon via enamine intermediate.

(2) Alkylating the β carbon via a Michael reaction.

Osmium tetroxide$\left(Os{O}_4\right)$: In addition to alkenes in a concentrated synthetic manner to give vicinal diols.

The reaction mechanism involves the concentrated addition of the osmium tetroxide to the $\pi$ bond of the alkene.

Lindlar catalyst: The catalyst is used for the hydrogenation of alkynes in a syn manner.  This means both hydrogen are added on the same side across the triple bond and the product obtained will be a cis product.

Ozonolysis Reaction: It is an oxidative reaction which is used to oxidize the carbon-carbon double and triple bond.