Chapter 6, Problem 6.1P

Classify each transformation as substitution, elimination, or addition.

a. c.

b. d.

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The given transformation is to be classified as substitution, elimination, or addition reaction.

Concept introduction: The substitution reactions involve the substitution or replacement of an atom or group of atoms in a compound by another atom or groups of atoms. In the substitution reactions, the replacement takes place by the break down of sigma bonds.

In elimination reaction, the formation of $\text{π}$ bonds occurs due to the removal of an atom or group of atoms from the starting material, whereas the addition reaction involves the addition of elements into the starting material.

Answer to Problem 6.1P

The given transformation is an example of a substitution reaction.

Explanation of Solution

The given transformation is shown as,

Figure 1

In the above reaction, the hydroxyl group is replaced by a bromine atom. The breakdown of the sigma bond precedes the mechanism. On replacement of the hydroxyl group, one sigma bond breaks and another is formed at the same position. Therefore, it is classified as the substitution reaction.

Conclusion

The given transformation is classified as a substitution reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The given transformation is to be classified as substitution, elimination, or addition reaction.

Concept introduction: The substitution reactions involve the substitution or replacement of an atom or group of atoms in a compound by another atom or groups of atoms. In the substitution reactions, the replacement takes place by the break down of sigma bonds.

In elimination reaction, the formation of $\text{π}$ bonds occurs due to the removal of an atom or group of atoms from the starting material, whereas the addition reaction involves the addition of elements into the starting material.

Answer to Problem 6.1P

The given transformation is an example of an addition reaction.

Explanation of Solution

The given transformation is shown as,

Figure 2

The above reaction involves the breakdown of $\text{π}$ bond. In this reaction, $-\text{C}=\text{O}$ bond is converted into $-\text{OH}$ group by the addition of two hydrogen atoms. Therefore, this reaction is an example of an addition reaction.

Conclusion

The given transformation is classified as an addition reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The given transformation is to be classified as substitution, elimination, or addition.

Concept introduction: The substitution reactions involve the substitution or replacement of an atom or group of atoms in a compound by another atom or groups of atoms. In the substitution reactions, the replacement takes place by the break down of sigma bonds.

In elimination reaction, the formation of $\text{π}$ bonds occurs due to the removal of an atom or group of atoms from the starting material, whereas the addition reaction involves the addition of elements into the starting material.

Answer to Problem 6.1P

The given transformation is an example of a substitution reaction.

Explanation of Solution

The given transformation is shown as,

Figure 3

In the above reaction, the hydrogen is replaced by chlorine. The breakdown of the sigma bond precedes the mechanism. On the replacement of hydrogen, one sigma bond breaks and another sigma bond is formed between carbon and substituent atom.

Conclusion

The given transformation is classified as a substitution reaction.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: The given transformation as substitution, elimination, or addition is to be classified.

Concept introduction: The substitution reactions involve the substitution or replacement of an atom or group of atoms in a compound by another atom or groups of atoms. In the substitution reactions, the replacement takes place by the break down of sigma bonds.

In elimination reaction, the formation of $\text{π}$ bonds occurs due to the removal of an atom or group of atoms from the starting material, whereas the addition reaction involves the addition of elements into the starting material.

Answer to Problem 6.1P

The given transformation is an example of an elimination reaction.

Explanation of Solution

The given transformation is shown as,

Figure 4

In this reaction, the formation of $\text{π}$ bond takes place by the removal of a water molecule from the starting material. Therefore, it is an example of an elimination reaction.

Conclusion

The given transformation is classified as an elimination reaction.