The inference that can be deciphered from the graph showing the relative fluidity of cell membranes in different species and whether the trend shown is apparent. Given: Researchers conducted an experiment to comparatively study the fluidity and composition of cell membranes. They maintained arctic sculpin at 0°C, a group of goldfish at 5°C, other group of goldfish at 25°C. They also maintained the desert pupfish at 34°C, and rats at normal temperature of 21°C. After keeping them for several days, the neuronal cells of all the animals were taken and membranes were isolated. A fluorescent molecule was added to each of the extracted membranes and kept for some time at 20°C. Researchers then measured fluorescence and a graph was plotted by them. The graph depicted fluorescence against the body temperature of each of the animals. The following graph shows the fluorescence of each animal depicted as colorful points at different temperatures. The more the value of fluorescence, the less will be the movement of molecules depicting a less fluid membrane. The following table was drawn by the researchers showing the ratio of saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid phosphatidyl choline for different animals taken into consideration. Introduction: The membrane is fluid in nature and is responsible for the transport of various molecules in and outside the cell. The fluidity of the membrane depends on the temperature and unsaturation. The low temperature leads to increase in fluidity to cope up the temperature. The saturated fatty acids are those fatty acids which do not have any double bond and have no scope of addition of any molecule. They can only substitute the molecules. The unsaturated fatty acids are those which have one or more double or triple bonds that increase the fluidity of the membrane. The species that survive in lower temperature have more amounts of unsaturated fatty acids so that they can avoid being frozen and remain fluid for transportation of the molecules.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The inference that can be deciphered from the graph showing the relative fluidity of cell membranes in different species and whether the trend shown is apparent.

Given:

Researchers conducted an experiment to comparatively study the fluidity and composition of cell membranes. They maintained arctic sculpin at 0°C, a group of goldfish at 5°C, other group of goldfish at 25°C. They also maintained the desert pupfish at 34°C, and rats at normal temperature of 21°C. After keeping them for several days, the neuronal cells of all the animals were taken and membranes were isolated.

A fluorescent molecule was added to each of the extracted membranes and kept for some time at 20°C. Researchers then measured fluorescence and a graph was plotted by them. The graph depicted fluorescence against the body temperature of each of the animals.

The following graph shows the fluorescence of each animal depicted as colorful points at different temperatures. The more the value of fluorescence, the less will be the movement of molecules depicting a less fluid membrane.

The following table was drawn by the researchers showing the ratio of saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid phosphatidyl choline for different animals taken into consideration.

Introduction:

The membrane is fluid in nature and is responsible for the transport of various molecules in and outside the cell. The fluidity of the membrane depends on the temperature and unsaturation. The low temperature leads to increase in fluidity to cope up the temperature. The saturated fatty acids are those fatty acids which do not have any double bond and have no scope of addition of any molecule. They can only substitute the molecules. The unsaturated fatty acids are those which have one or more double or triple bonds that increase the fluidity of the membrane. The species that survive in lower temperature have more amounts of unsaturated fatty acids so that they can avoid being frozen and remain fluid for transportation of the molecules.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The data in the graph shows the value of fluorescence in different species at different temperature. It was observed that when the temperature of the animal’s body is low as in the case of arctic sculpin, the value of fluorescence is also low. There is an inverse relation between the movement of molecules and value of fluorescence. The low fluorescence depicts the high movement of molecules in the artic sculpin showing that the membrane has greater fluidity. The greater fluidity of the membrane helps these organisms to withstand such low temperature. In contrast, the fluidity of membranes of rats is low as the fluorescence value shown in the graph is high. This indicates that fluidity of membrane is not as high as in the species of low temperature.

The data of membrane fluidity depends on the temperature of the animal and is apparent as the fluidity of the membrane will change according to the change in the temperature.

Conclusion

Thus, it was concluded that the post translational modifications are important for the proper protein functioning and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the protein decides whether the modification should occur or not. The trend shown in the graph is apparent.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The inference that can be deciphered from the graph showing the relative fluidity of cell membranes in different species and whether the trend shown is apparent.

Given:

Researchers conducted an experiment to comparatively study the fluidity and composition of cell membranes. They maintained arctic sculpin at 0°C, a group of goldfish at 5°C, other group of goldfish at 25°C. They also maintained the desert pupfish at 34°C, and rats at normal temperature of 21°C. After keeping them for several days, the neuronal cells of all the animals were taken and membranes were isolated.

A fluorescent molecule was added to each of the extracted membranes and kept for some time at 20°C. Researchers then measured fluorescence and a graph was plotted by them. The graph depicted fluorescence against the body temperature of each of the animals.

The following graph shows the fluorescence of each animal depicted as colorful points at different temperatures. The more the value of fluorescence, the less will be the movement of molecules depicting a less fluid membrane.

The following table was drawn by the researchers showing the ratio of saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid phosphatidyl choline for different animals taken into consideration.

Introduction:

The membrane is fluid in nature and is responsible for the transport of various molecules in and outside the cell. The fluidity of the membrane depends on the temperature and unsaturation. The low temperature leads to increase in fluidity to cope up the temperature. The saturated fatty acids are those fatty acids which do not have any double bond and have no scope of addition of any molecule. They can only substitute the molecules. The unsaturated fatty acids are those which have one or more double or triple bonds that increase the fluidity of the membrane. The species that survive in lower temperature have more amounts of unsaturated fatty acids so that they can avoid being frozen and remain fluid for transportation of the molecules.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The data in the graph shows the value of fluorescence in different species at different temperature. It was observed that when the temperature of the animal’s body is low as in the case of arctic sculpin, the value of fluorescence is also low. There is an inverse relation between the movement of molecules and value of fluorescence. The low fluorescence depicts the high movement of molecules in the artic sculpin showing that the membrane has greater fluidity. The greater fluidity of the membrane helps these organisms to withstand such low temperature. In contrast, the fluidity of membranes of rats is low as the fluorescence value shown in the graph is high. This indicates that fluidity of membrane is not as high as in the species of low temperature.

The data of membrane fluidity depends on the temperature of the animal and is apparent as the fluidity of the membrane will change according to the change in the temperature.

Conclusion

Thus, it was concluded that the post translational modifications are important for the proper protein functioning and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the protein decides whether the modification should occur or not. The trend shown in the graph is apparent.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The inference that can be deciphered from the graph showing the relative fluidity of cell membranes in different species and whether the trend shown is apparent.

Given:

Researchers conducted an experiment to comparatively study the fluidity and composition of cell membranes. They maintained arctic sculpin at 0°C, a group of goldfish at 5°C, other group of goldfish at 25°C. They also maintained the desert pupfish at 34°C, and rats at normal temperature of 21°C. After keeping them for several days, the neuronal cells of all the animals were taken and membranes were isolated.

A fluorescent molecule was added to each of the extracted membranes and kept for some time at 20°C. Researchers then measured fluorescence and a graph was plotted by them. The graph depicted fluorescence against the body temperature of each of the animals.

The following graph shows the fluorescence of each animal depicted as colorful points at different temperatures. The more the value of fluorescence, the less will be the movement of molecules depicting a less fluid membrane.

The following table was drawn by the researchers showing the ratio of saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid phosphatidyl choline for different animals taken into consideration.

Introduction:

The membrane is fluid in nature and is responsible for the transport of various molecules in and outside the cell. The fluidity of the membrane depends on the temperature and unsaturation. The low temperature leads to increase in fluidity to cope up the temperature. The saturated fatty acids are those fatty acids which do not have any double bond and have no scope of addition of any molecule. They can only substitute the molecules. The unsaturated fatty acids are those which have one or more double or triple bonds that increase the fluidity of the membrane. The species that survive in lower temperature have more amounts of unsaturated fatty acids so that they can avoid being frozen and remain fluid for transportation of the molecules.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The data in the graph shows the value of fluorescence in different species at different temperature. It was observed that when the temperature of the animal’s body is low as in the case of arctic sculpin, the value of fluorescence is also low. There is an inverse relation between the movement of molecules and value of fluorescence. The low fluorescence depicts the high movement of molecules in the artic sculpin showing that the membrane has greater fluidity. The greater fluidity of the membrane helps these organisms to withstand such low temperature. In contrast, the fluidity of membranes of rats is low as the fluorescence value shown in the graph is high. This indicates that fluidity of membrane is not as high as in the species of low temperature.

The data of membrane fluidity depends on the temperature of the animal and is apparent as the fluidity of the membrane will change according to the change in the temperature.

Conclusion

Thus, it was concluded that the post translational modifications are important for the proper protein functioning and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the protein decides whether the modification should occur or not. The trend shown in the graph is apparent.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The inference that can be deciphered from the graph showing the relative fluidity of cell membranes in different species and whether the trend shown is apparent.

Given:

Researchers conducted an experiment to comparatively study the fluidity and composition of cell membranes. They maintained arctic sculpin at 0°C, a group of goldfish at 5°C, other group of goldfish at 25°C. They also maintained the desert pupfish at 34°C, and rats at normal temperature of 21°C. After keeping them for several days, the neuronal cells of all the animals were taken and membranes were isolated.

A fluorescent molecule was added to each of the extracted membranes and kept for some time at 20°C. Researchers then measured fluorescence and a graph was plotted by them. The graph depicted fluorescence against the body temperature of each of the animals.

The following graph shows the fluorescence of each animal depicted as colorful points at different temperatures. The more the value of fluorescence, the less will be the movement of molecules depicting a less fluid membrane.

The following table was drawn by the researchers showing the ratio of saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid phosphatidyl choline for different animals taken into consideration.

Introduction:

The membrane is fluid in nature and is responsible for the transport of various molecules in and outside the cell. The fluidity of the membrane depends on the temperature and unsaturation. The low temperature leads to increase in fluidity to cope up the temperature. The saturated fatty acids are those fatty acids which do not have any double bond and have no scope of addition of any molecule. They can only substitute the molecules. The unsaturated fatty acids are those which have one or more double or triple bonds that increase the fluidity of the membrane. The species that survive in lower temperature have more amounts of unsaturated fatty acids so that they can avoid being frozen and remain fluid for transportation of the molecules.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The data in the graph shows the value of fluorescence in different species at different temperature. It was observed that when the temperature of the animal’s body is low as in the case of arctic sculpin, the value of fluorescence is also low. There is an inverse relation between the movement of molecules and value of fluorescence. The low fluorescence depicts the high movement of molecules in the artic sculpin showing that the membrane has greater fluidity. The greater fluidity of the membrane helps these organisms to withstand such low temperature. In contrast, the fluidity of membranes of rats is low as the fluorescence value shown in the graph is high. This indicates that fluidity of membrane is not as high as in the species of low temperature.

The data of membrane fluidity depends on the temperature of the animal and is apparent as the fluidity of the membrane will change according to the change in the temperature.

Conclusion

Thus, it was concluded that the post translational modifications are important for the proper protein functioning and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the protein decides whether the modification should occur or not. The trend shown in the graph is apparent.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 6, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The inference that can be deciphered from the graph showing the relative fluidity of cell membranes in different species and whether the trend shown is apparent.

Given:

Researchers conducted an experiment to comparatively study the fluidity and composition of cell membranes. They maintained arctic sculpin at 0°C, a group of goldfish at 5°C, other group of goldfish at 25°C. They also maintained the desert pupfish at 34°C, and rats at normal temperature of 21°C. After keeping them for several days, the neuronal cells of all the animals were taken and membranes were isolated.

A fluorescent molecule was added to each of the extracted membranes and kept for some time at 20°C. Researchers then measured fluorescence and a graph was plotted by them. The graph depicted fluorescence against the body temperature of each of the animals.

The following graph shows the fluorescence of each animal depicted as colorful points at different temperatures. The more the value of fluorescence, the less will be the movement of molecules depicting a less fluid membrane.

The following table was drawn by the researchers showing the ratio of saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid phosphatidyl choline for different animals taken into consideration.

Introduction:

The membrane is fluid in nature and is responsible for the transport of various molecules in and outside the cell. The fluidity of the membrane depends on the temperature and unsaturation. The low temperature leads to increase in fluidity to cope up the temperature. The saturated fatty acids are those fatty acids which do not have any double bond and have no scope of addition of any molecule. They can only substitute the molecules. The unsaturated fatty acids are those which have one or more double or triple bonds that increase the fluidity of the membrane. The species that survive in lower temperature have more amounts of unsaturated fatty acids so that they can avoid being frozen and remain fluid for transportation of the molecules.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The data in the graph shows the value of fluorescence in different species at different temperature. It was observed that when the temperature of the animal’s body is low as in the case of arctic sculpin, the value of fluorescence is also low. There is an inverse relation between the movement of molecules and value of fluorescence. The low fluorescence depicts the high movement of molecules in the artic sculpin showing that the membrane has greater fluidity. The greater fluidity of the membrane helps these organisms to withstand such low temperature. In contrast, the fluidity of membranes of rats is low as the fluorescence value shown in the graph is high. This indicates that fluidity of membrane is not as high as in the species of low temperature.

The data of membrane fluidity depends on the temperature of the animal and is apparent as the fluidity of the membrane will change according to the change in the temperature.

Conclusion

Thus, it was concluded that the post translational modifications are important for the proper protein functioning and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the protein decides whether the modification should occur or not. The trend shown in the graph is apparent.

Answer 6

Chapter 6, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The inference that can be deciphered from the graph showing the relative fluidity of cell membranes in different species and whether the trend shown is apparent.

Given:

Researchers conducted an experiment to comparatively study the fluidity and composition of cell membranes. They maintained arctic sculpin at 0°C, a group of goldfish at 5°C, other group of goldfish at 25°C. They also maintained the desert pupfish at 34°C, and rats at normal temperature of 21°C. After keeping them for several days, the neuronal cells of all the animals were taken and membranes were isolated.

A fluorescent molecule was added to each of the extracted membranes and kept for some time at 20°C. Researchers then measured fluorescence and a graph was plotted by them. The graph depicted fluorescence against the body temperature of each of the animals.

The following graph shows the fluorescence of each animal depicted as colorful points at different temperatures. The more the value of fluorescence, the less will be the movement of molecules depicting a less fluid membrane.

The following table was drawn by the researchers showing the ratio of saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid phosphatidyl choline for different animals taken into consideration.

Introduction:

The membrane is fluid in nature and is responsible for the transport of various molecules in and outside the cell. The fluidity of the membrane depends on the temperature and unsaturation. The low temperature leads to increase in fluidity to cope up the temperature. The saturated fatty acids are those fatty acids which do not have any double bond and have no scope of addition of any molecule. They can only substitute the molecules. The unsaturated fatty acids are those which have one or more double or triple bonds that increase the fluidity of the membrane. The species that survive in lower temperature have more amounts of unsaturated fatty acids so that they can avoid being frozen and remain fluid for transportation of the molecules.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The data in the graph shows the value of fluorescence in different species at different temperature. It was observed that when the temperature of the animal’s body is low as in the case of arctic sculpin, the value of fluorescence is also low. There is an inverse relation between the movement of molecules and value of fluorescence. The low fluorescence depicts the high movement of molecules in the artic sculpin showing that the membrane has greater fluidity. The greater fluidity of the membrane helps these organisms to withstand such low temperature. In contrast, the fluidity of membranes of rats is low as the fluorescence value shown in the graph is high. This indicates that fluidity of membrane is not as high as in the species of low temperature.

The data of membrane fluidity depends on the temperature of the animal and is apparent as the fluidity of the membrane will change according to the change in the temperature.

Conclusion

Thus, it was concluded that the post translational modifications are important for the proper protein functioning and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the protein decides whether the modification should occur or not. The trend shown in the graph is apparent.

Answer 7

Chapter 6, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To analyze:

The inference that can be deciphered from the graph showing the relative fluidity of cell membranes in different species and whether the trend shown is apparent.

Given:

Researchers conducted an experiment to comparatively study the fluidity and composition of cell membranes. They maintained arctic sculpin at 0°C, a group of goldfish at 5°C, other group of goldfish at 25°C. They also maintained the desert pupfish at 34°C, and rats at normal temperature of 21°C. After keeping them for several days, the neuronal cells of all the animals were taken and membranes were isolated.

A fluorescent molecule was added to each of the extracted membranes and kept for some time at 20°C. Researchers then measured fluorescence and a graph was plotted by them. The graph depicted fluorescence against the body temperature of each of the animals.

The following graph shows the fluorescence of each animal depicted as colorful points at different temperatures. The more the value of fluorescence, the less will be the movement of molecules depicting a less fluid membrane.

The following table was drawn by the researchers showing the ratio of saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid phosphatidyl choline for different animals taken into consideration.

Introduction:

The membrane is fluid in nature and is responsible for the transport of various molecules in and outside the cell. The fluidity of the membrane depends on the temperature and unsaturation. The low temperature leads to increase in fluidity to cope up the temperature. The saturated fatty acids are those fatty acids which do not have any double bond and have no scope of addition of any molecule. They can only substitute the molecules. The unsaturated fatty acids are those which have one or more double or triple bonds that increase the fluidity of the membrane. The species that survive in lower temperature have more amounts of unsaturated fatty acids so that they can avoid being frozen and remain fluid for transportation of the molecules.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The data in the graph shows the value of fluorescence in different species at different temperature. It was observed that when the temperature of the animal’s body is low as in the case of arctic sculpin, the value of fluorescence is also low. There is an inverse relation between the movement of molecules and value of fluorescence. The low fluorescence depicts the high movement of molecules in the artic sculpin showing that the membrane has greater fluidity. The greater fluidity of the membrane helps these organisms to withstand such low temperature. In contrast, the fluidity of membranes of rats is low as the fluorescence value shown in the graph is high. This indicates that fluidity of membrane is not as high as in the species of low temperature.

The data of membrane fluidity depends on the temperature of the animal and is apparent as the fluidity of the membrane will change according to the change in the temperature.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus, it was concluded that the post translational modifications are important for the proper protein functioning and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the protein decides whether the modification should occur or not. The trend shown in the graph is apparent.

Answer 12

Ch. 6.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 6.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 6.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 6.1 - Prob. 4R Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 2R Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 3R Ch. 6.4 - Prob. 1R

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