Chapter 5.3, Problem 3E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The term immiscible liquid phase needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.

Answer to Problem 3E

The immiscible liquid phases can be defined as the two liquid phases which are not soluble with each other and form two separate layers such as oil and water.

Explanation of Solution

During the separation method by separating funnel, the immiscible solvent is added to the solution. Here, the solvent must be immiscible in solvent of the solution therefore it forms two immiscible liquid phases.

Hence, immiscible liquid phases can be defined as the two liquid phases which are not soluble with each other and form two separate layers such as oil and water.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The term distribution coefficient needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.

Answer to Problem 3E

The ratio of the concentration of a substance in one medium (C₁) to the concentration in a second medium (C₂) at equilibrium.

  ${\text{K}}_{\text{d}}\text{ = }\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}$

Explanation of Solution

During the separation method by separating funnel, the immiscible solvent is added to the solution. Here the solvent must be immiscible in solvent of the solution therefore it forms two immiscible liquid phases.

At equilibrium, the ratio of concentration of solute is constant in each layer that can be represented by partition coefficient or distribution coefficient. It is the ratio of the concentration of a substance in one medium (C₁) to the concentration in a second medium (C₂) at equilibrium.

  ${\text{K}}_{\text{d}}\text{ = }\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The term adsorption needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.

Answer to Problem 3E

Adsorption can be defined as the adhesion of particles of dissolved solid on the surface.

Explanation of Solution

Surface chemistry deals with two phenomenon, adsorption and absorption. Adsorption can be defined as the adhesion of particles of dissolved solid on the surface. It creates a monolayer film of the particles of dissolved solid on the surface of the adsorbent. Here the particles of dissolved solid are called as adsorbate. For example, gas can adsorb on the surface of activated charcoal as the gas molecules form a layer on the surface of activated charcoal.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The term absorption needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.

Answer to Problem 3E

Absorption is a bulk phenomenon in which the particles of dissolved solid enters in the bulk phase of solid or liquid phase.

Explanation of Solution

Surface chemistry deals with two phenomenon, adsorption and absorption. Absorption is a bulk phenomenon in which the particles of dissolved solid enters in the bulk phase of solid or liquid phase.

It does notcreate any layer pf the particles of dissolved solid on the surface of the adsorbent but enters in the liquid phase. Here the particles of dissolved solid are called as absorbate. For example, carbon dioxide gas can absorbin water.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The term conjugated base of acid HA needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.

Answer to Problem 3E

The conjugated base of acid A is the specie that is formed after giving ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion from HA.

Explanation of Solution

Bronsted and Lowery purposed the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory. It states that acid can give ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions, whereas, a base can accept the ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion in its solution. Hence, this theory is entirely based on the presence of ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion in the given substance.  It purposed the concept of conjugated acid-base pair. A Bronsted acid gives ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion to form conjugated base, whereas, a Bronsted base accepts ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion to form its conjugated acid.

  $\begin{array}{l}{\text{ HA + H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O }\underset{}{\to }{\text{ A}}^{\text{-}}{\text{ + H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}\\ \text{Bronsted + Bronsted Conjugated Conjugated}\\ \text{ Acid base base acid}\end{array}$

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The term conjugated acid of base B- needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.

Answer to Problem 3E

The conjugated acid of B- ion is BH that is formed after accepting the H+ ion.

Explanation of Solution

Bronsted and Lowery purposed the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory. It states that acid can give ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions, whereas, a base can accept the ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion in its solution. Hence, this theory is entirely based on the presence of ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion in the given substance.  It purposed the concept of conjugated acid-base pair. A Bronsted acid gives ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion to form conjugated base whereas a Bronsted base accepts ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ion to form its conjugated acid.

  $\begin{array}{l}{\text{ HA + H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O }\underset{}{\to }{\text{ A}}^{\text{-}}{\text{ + H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}\\ \text{Bronsted + Bronsted Conjugated Conjugated}\\ \text{ Acid base base acid}\end{array}$

Similarly, the base B-will accept ${\text{H}}^{\text{+}}$ ions to form its conjugated acid BH.

  $\begin{array}{l}{\text{ B}}^{\text{- }}{\text{+ H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O }\underset{}{\to }{\text{ BH + OH}}^{-}\\ \text{Bronsted + Bronsted Conjugated Conjugated}\\ \text{ base acid acid base}\end{array}$

The conjugated acid of B- ion is BH that is formed after accepting the H+ ion.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The term liquid-liquid extraction needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.

Answer to Problem 3E

The liquid-liquid extraction is a separation method of component with the help of two immiscible liquids.

Explanation of Solution

During the separation method by separating funnel, the immiscible solvent is added to the solution. Here the solvent must be immiscible in solvent of the solution therefore it forms two immiscible liquid phases.

At equilibrium the ratio of concentration of solute is constant in each layer that can be represented by partition coefficient or distribution coefficient. It is the ratio of the concentration of a substance in one medium (C₁) to the concentration in a second medium (C₂) at equilibrium.

  ${\text{K}}_{\text{d}}\text{ = }\frac{{\text{C}}_{\text{1}}}{{\text{C}}_{\text{2}}}$

This separation method of component from a solution with the help of two immiscible liquids is called as liquid-liquid extraction.

(h)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The term liquid-liquid extraction needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:A solution is a mixture of solute and solvent. To separate the solute from the solution, different separation methods can be used. Separatory funnel is one of the most common method in which the solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent. Solute distributes between both solvents to form two layers.

Answer to Problem 3E

The term hydrophilic can be defined as the part of molecule or species that is attracted towards water.

Explanation of Solution

Based on solubility of substance in water, they can be classified as hydrophilic and hydrophobic end. The hydrophilic substance is soluble in water due to affinity of molecule towards water. For example, alcohol is soluble in water due to its tendency to form hydrogen bonding with water molecule.