
Concept explainers
Choose the phrase from the right column that best fits the term in the left column.
a. recombination | 1. a statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results |
b. linkage | 2. an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes |
c. chi-square test | 3. one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely |
d. chiasma | 4. when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes |
e. tetratype | 5. the relative chromosomal location of a gene |
f. locus | 6. the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers |
g. coefficient of coincidence | 7. individual composed of cells with different genotypes |
h. interference | 8. formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs |
i. parental ditype | 9. when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division |
j. ascospores | 10. an ascus containing only two non-recombinant kinds of spores |
k. first-division segregation | 11. structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs |
l. mosaic | 12. fungal spores contained in a sac |

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “recombination” among the options given below.
1. A statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results.
2. an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
3. one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
4. when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
5. the relative chromosomal location of a gene
6. the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers.
7. individual composed of cells with different genotypes
8. formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
9. when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
10. an ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
11. structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
12. fungal spores contained in a sac.
Introduction:
Gene is the basic unit of hereditary information. The way genes transmit physiological, anatomical, and behavioral traits from parents to offspring is termed as heredity.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Recombination: formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
Explanation of Solution
The process of production of the offspring having a combination of traits, which differ from the parental traits is termed as recombination. It occurs during meiosis in eukaryotes.

b.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “linkage” among the options given below.
1. A statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results.
2. an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
3. one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
4. when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
5. the relative chromosomal location of a gene
6. the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers.
7. individual composed of cells with different genotypes
8. formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
9. when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
10. an ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
11. structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
12. fungal spores contained in a sac.
Introduction:
Gene is termed as a single functional sequence of a DNA or RNA. They are present in the fixed position on a chromosome called locus.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Linkage: when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
Explanation of Solution
The genes that are present too close to each other on the same chromosome tend to inherit together. This phenomenon is termed as linkage. When two loci recombine and form less than 50% of gametes, then the linkage occurs.

c.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “chi-square test” among the options given below.
1. A statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results.
2. an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
3. one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
4. when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
5. the relative chromosomal location of a gene
6. the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers.
7. individual composed of cells with different genotypes
8. formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
9. when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
10. an ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
11. structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
12. fungal spores contained in a sac.
Introduction:
Genetics is the science of heredity in which we study a precise explanation of the biological structures and mechanisms that determine inheritance. Chi-square test is a statistical method in genetics.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Chi-square test: statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results.
Explanation of Solution
The chi-square test is a statistical test that compares the observed data with predicted data and measures the deviation of the results from the prediction. In this method, the difference between the observed value and the predicted value is calculated to predict the extent of deviation or match.

d.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “chiasma” among the options given below.
1. A statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results.
2. an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
3. one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
4. when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
5. the relative chromosomal location of a gene
6. the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers.
7. individual composed of cells with different genotypes
8. formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
9. when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
10. an ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
11. structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
12. fungal spores contained in a sac.
Introduction:
Chiasma is a site where the crossing-over or DNA exchange happens in between two homologous chromatids.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Chiasma: the structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
Explanation of Solution
Chiasma occurs during the prophase I stage of meiosis. It represents linkage and shows the assorting of genes is dependent.

e.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “tetratype” among the options given below.
1. A statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results.
2. an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
3. one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
4. when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
5. the relative chromosomal location of a gene
6. the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers.
7. individual composed of cells with different genotypes
8. formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
9. when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
10. an ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
11. structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
12. fungal spores contained in a sac.
Introduction:
tetratype (T) is a fungal ascus that has four kinds of spores, or haploid cells: two different parental types and two different recombinant types.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Tetratype: an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
Explanation of Solution
A two-strand single crossover or a three-strand double crossover between the two genes that result in the formation of both parental and non-parental type recombination is termed as tetratype. All four genotypes are present (50% parental type and 50% non-parental type).

f.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “locus” among the options given below.
1. A statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results.
2. an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
3. one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
4. when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
5. the relative chromosomal location of a gene
6. the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers.
7. individual composed of cells with different genotypes
8. formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
9. when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
10. an ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
11. structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
12. fungal spores contained in a sac.
Introduction:
Locus is a designated location on a chromosome and it refers to a gene.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Locus: the relative chromosomal location of a gene
Explanation of Solution
Gene is located on a chromosome at a specific location, called locus. In a homologous pair of chromosomes, alternate forms of a gene are present at the same loci for a particular trait.

g.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “coefficient of coincidence” among the options given below.
1. A statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results.
2. an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
3. one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
4. when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
5. the relative chromosomal location of a gene
6. the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers.
7. individual composed of cells with different genotypes
8. formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
9. when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
10. an ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
11. structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
12. fungal spores contained in a sac.
Introduction:
The ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers is termed as Coefficient of coincidence.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Coefficient of coincidence: the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers
Explanation of Solution
Coefficient of coincidence is the ratio between the actual frequency of double crossovers observed in an experiment and the number of double crossovers expected on the basis of independent probabilities.

h.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “interference” among the options given below.
1. A statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results.
2. an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
3. one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
4. when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
5. the relative chromosomal location of a gene
6. the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers.
7. individual composed of cells with different genotypes
8. formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
9. when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
10. an ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
11. structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
12. fungal spores contained in a sac.
Introduction:
Chromosomal interference is the phenomenon of crossovers not occurring independently.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Interference: one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
Explanation of Solution
Crossing over does not uniformly take place along a chromosome. In addition, the formation of one chiasma decreases the probability of another chiasma formation in an immediately adjacent region of the chromosome. This lack of independence is termed as interference.

i.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “parental ditype” among the options given below.
1. A statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results.
2. an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
3. one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
4. when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
5. the relative chromosomal location of a gene
6. the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers.
7. individual composed of cells with different genotypes
8. formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
9. when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
10. an ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
11. structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
12. fungal spores contained in a sac.
Introduction:
Parental ditype (PD) is a tetrad that has four parental class haploid cells.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Parental ditype: an ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
Explanation of Solution
Parental ditype condition only considers parental type. It means no crossing over occurs, and therefore, overall parental combinations are obtained.

j.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “ascospores” among the options given below.
1. A statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results.
2. an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
3. one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
4. when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
5. the relative chromosomal location of a gene
6. the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers.
7. individual composed of cells with different genotypes
8. formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
9. when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
10. an ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
11. structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
12. fungal spores contained in a sac.
Introduction:
Ascospores of fungi are the haploid cells that result from meiosis. They are also known as haplospores.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Ascospores: fungal spores contained in a sac
Explanation of Solution
Various species of fungi provide a unique opportunity for genetic analysis because they house all four haploid products of each meiosis in a sac called an ascus. A spore that is contained in an ascus or was produced inside an ascus is termed as an ascospore.

k.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “first-division segregation” among the options given below.
1. A statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results.
2. an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
3. one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
4. when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
5. the relative chromosomal location of a gene
6. the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers.
7. individual composed of cells with different genotypes
8. formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
9. when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
10. an ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
11. structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
12. fungal spores contained in a sac.
Introduction:
Segregation is the separation of alleles during gamete formation, in which one allele of each gene goes to each gamete.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
First-division segregation: when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
Explanation of Solution
The alleles of the gene must separate in the first meiotic division in the absence of crossing over between a gene and its centromere. This separation is termed as first division segregation.

l.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “mosaic” among the options given below.
1. A statistical method for testing the fit between observed and expected results.
2. an ascus containing spores of four different genotypes
3. one crossover along a chromosome makes a second nearby crossover less likely
4. when two loci recombine in less than 50% of gametes
5. the relative chromosomal location of a gene
6. the ratio of observed double crossovers to expected double crossovers.
7. individual composed of cells with different genotypes
8. formation of new genetic combinations by exchange of parts between homologs
9. when the two alleles of a gene are segregated into different cells at the first meiotic division
10. an ascus containing only two nonrecombinant kinds of spores
11. structure formed at the spot where crossing-over occurs between homologs
12. fungal spores contained in a sac.
Introduction:
Genetic mosaic is an organism containing tissues of different genotypes.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Mosaic: individual composed of cells with different genotypes
Explanation of Solution
An individual composed of cells with different genotypes is termed as a mosaic. For example, the females have two alleles for every gene on the X-chromosome. The males have only one allele on the X-chromosome. The female is a mosaic for the expression of the genes on the X chromosome.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 5 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Microbiology Fundamentals: A Clinical Approach
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
Introductory Chemistry (6th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
- Transcription and Translation 1. What is the main function of transcription and translation? (2 marks) 2. How is transcription different in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? (2 marks) 3. Explain the difference between pre-mRNA and post-transcript mRNA. (2 marks) 4. What is the function of the following: (4 marks) i. the cap ii. spliceosome iii. Poly A tail iv. termination sequence 5. What are advantages to the wobble feature of the genetic code? (2 marks) 6. Explain the difference between the: (3 marks) i. A site & P site ii. codon & anticodon iii. gene expression and gene regulation 7. Explain how the stop codon allows for termination. (1 mark) 8. In your own words, summarize the process of translation. (2 marks)arrow_forwardIn this activity you will research performance enhancers that affect the endocrine system or nervous system. You will submit a 1 page paper on one performance enhancer of your choice. Be sure to include: the specific reason for use the alleged results on improving performance how it works how it affect homeostasis and improves performance any side-effects of this substancearrow_forwardNeurons and Reflexes 1. Describe the function of the: a) dendrite b) axon c) cell body d) myelin sheath e) nodes of Ranvier f) Schwann cells g) motor neuron, interneuron and sensory neuron 2. List some simple reflexes. Explain why babies are born with simple reflexes. What are they and why are they necessary. 3. Explain why you only feel pain after a few seconds when you touch something very hot but you have already pulled your hand away. 4. What part of the brain receives sensory information? What part of the brain directs you to move your hand away? 5. In your own words describe how the axon fires.arrow_forward
- Mutations Here is your template DNA strand: CTT TTA TAG TAG ATA CCA CAA AGG 1. Write out the complementary mRNA that matches the DNA above. 2. Write the anticodons and the amino acid sequence. 3. Change the nucleotide in position #15 to C. 4. What type of mutation is this? 5. Repeat steps 1 & 2. 6. How has this change affected the amino acid sequence? 7. Now remove nucleotides 13 through 15. 8. Repeat steps 1 & 2. 9. What type of mutation is this? 0. Do all mutations result in a change in the amino acid sequence? 1. Are all mutations considered bad? 2. The above sequence codes for a genetic disorder called cystic fibrosis (CF). 3. When A is changed to G in position #15, the person does not have CF. When T is changed to C in position #14, the person has the disorder. How could this have originated?arrow_forwardhoose a scientist(s) and research their contribution to our derstanding of DNA structure or replication. Write a one page port and include: their research where they studied and the time period in which they worked their experiments and results the contribution to our understanding of DNA cientists Watson & Crickarrow_forwardhoose a scientist(s) and research their contribution to our derstanding of DNA structure or replication. Write a one page port and include: their research where they studied and the time period in which they worked their experiments and results the contribution to our understanding of DNA cientists Watson & Crickarrow_forward
- 7. Aerobic respiration of a protein that breaks down into 12 molecules of malic acid. Assume there is no other carbon source and no acetyl-CoA. NADH FADH2 OP ATP SLP ATP Total ATP Show your work using dimensional analysis here: 3arrow_forwardFor each of the following problems calculate the following: (Week 6-3 Video with 6-1 and 6-2) Consult the total catabolic pathways on the last page as a reference for the following questions. A. How much NADH and FADH2 is produced and fed into the electron transport chain (If any)? B. How much ATP is made from oxidative phosphorylation (OP), if any? Feed the NADH and FADH2 into the electron transport chain: 3ATP/NADH, 2ATP/FADH2 C. How much ATP is made by substrate level phosphorylation (SLP)? D. How much total ATP is made? Add the SLP and OP together. 1. Aerobic respiration using 0.5 mole of glucose? NADH FADH2 OP ATP SLP ATP Total ATP Show your work using dimensional analysis here:arrow_forwardAerobic respiration of one lipid molecule. The lipid is composed of one glycerol molecule connected to two fatty acid tails. One fatty acid is 12 carbons long and the other fatty acid is 18 carbons long in the figure below. Use the information below to determine how much ATP will be produced from the glycerol part of the lipid. Then, in part B, determine how much ATP is produced from the 2 fatty acids of the lipid. Finally put the NADH and ATP yields together from the glycerol and fatty acids (part A and B) to determine your total number of ATP produced per lipid. Assume no other carbon source is available. 18 carbons fatty acids 12 carbons glycerol . Glycerol is broken down to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a glycolysis intermediate via the following pathway shown in the figure below. Notice this process costs one ATP but generates one FADH2. Continue generating ATP with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate using the standard pathway and aerobic respiration. glycerol glycerol-3- phosphate…arrow_forward
- Don't copy the other answerarrow_forward4. Aerobic respiration of 5 mM acetate solution. Assume no other carbon source and that acetate is equivalent to acetyl-CoA. NADH FADH2 OP ATP SLP ATP Total ATP Show your work using dimensional analysis here: 5. Aerobic respiration of 2 mM alpha-ketoglutaric acid solution. Assume no other carbon source. NADH FADH2 OP ATP Show your work using dimensional analysis here: SLP ATP Total ATParrow_forwardBiology You’re going to analyze 5 ul of your PCR product(out of 50 ul) on the gel. How much of 6X DNAloading buffer (dye) are you going to mix with yourPCR product to make final 1X concentration ofloading buffer in the PCR product-loading buffermixture?arrow_forward
- Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxBiology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (Mi...BiologyISBN:9781305117396Author:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage LearningConcepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax CollegeBiology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap...BiologyISBN:9781305073951Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage Learning





