The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the way in which they relate to living organisms. Introduction: Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations that drive all activities of the universe. The system that does not exchange energy with its surroundings is known as a closed system. The system that exchanges energy with its surroundings is known as an open system. There are two laws of thermodynamics, namely, the first law and the second law.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 5, Problem 1CP

Summary Introduction

To explain: The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the way in which they relate to living organisms.

Introduction: Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations that drive all activities of the universe. The system that does not exchange energy with its surroundings is known as a closed system. The system that exchanges energy with its surroundings is known as an open system. There are two laws of thermodynamics, namely, the first law and the second law.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

First law of thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics states that “energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another form”. This law explains that organisms cannot produce energy; however, they constantly capture energy from their surrounding as open systems and covert this energy from one form to another form for biological work.

Second law of thermodynamics: The second law of thermodynamics states that “no energy transfer is 100% efficient, some energy is dispersed as heat”. In a living system such as in a cell, the second law of thermodynamic states that the capture and storage or use of energy is never 100% by living cells. The energy is lost as disordered and metabolic heat energy. For example, in a cell, energy is stored in glucose. During cellular respiration, energy is released from the bonds of glucose and transformed into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during which some energy is lost to the surroundings in the form of heat.

According to this law, entropy in the universe is continuously increasing. Organisms have a high degree of organization. The degree of organization seems to increase as organisms grow and develop. However, all living organisms are open systems; they maintain their ordered states over time with a constant input of energy and mass (as food) from their surroundings. They also keep losing energy from their bodies through heat loss and waste elimination.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

a. What percentage of a drug is eliminated after 4 half-lives? Please round to the nearest percent. b. What will happen to elimination of the drug in the previous question if the system is saturated? explain and show any math involved

Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 5, Problem 1CP

Summary Introduction

To explain: The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the way in which they relate to living organisms.

Introduction: Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations that drive all activities of the universe. The system that does not exchange energy with its surroundings is known as a closed system. The system that exchanges energy with its surroundings is known as an open system. There are two laws of thermodynamics, namely, the first law and the second law.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

First law of thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics states that “energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another form”. This law explains that organisms cannot produce energy; however, they constantly capture energy from their surrounding as open systems and covert this energy from one form to another form for biological work.

Second law of thermodynamics: The second law of thermodynamics states that “no energy transfer is 100% efficient, some energy is dispersed as heat”. In a living system such as in a cell, the second law of thermodynamic states that the capture and storage or use of energy is never 100% by living cells. The energy is lost as disordered and metabolic heat energy. For example, in a cell, energy is stored in glucose. During cellular respiration, energy is released from the bonds of glucose and transformed into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during which some energy is lost to the surroundings in the form of heat.

According to this law, entropy in the universe is continuously increasing. Organisms have a high degree of organization. The degree of organization seems to increase as organisms grow and develop. However, all living organisms are open systems; they maintain their ordered states over time with a constant input of energy and mass (as food) from their surroundings. They also keep losing energy from their bodies through heat loss and waste elimination.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 5, Problem 1CP

Summary Introduction

To explain: The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the way in which they relate to living organisms.

Introduction: Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations that drive all activities of the universe. The system that does not exchange energy with its surroundings is known as a closed system. The system that exchanges energy with its surroundings is known as an open system. There are two laws of thermodynamics, namely, the first law and the second law.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

First law of thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics states that “energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another form”. This law explains that organisms cannot produce energy; however, they constantly capture energy from their surrounding as open systems and covert this energy from one form to another form for biological work.

Second law of thermodynamics: The second law of thermodynamics states that “no energy transfer is 100% efficient, some energy is dispersed as heat”. In a living system such as in a cell, the second law of thermodynamic states that the capture and storage or use of energy is never 100% by living cells. The energy is lost as disordered and metabolic heat energy. For example, in a cell, energy is stored in glucose. During cellular respiration, energy is released from the bonds of glucose and transformed into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during which some energy is lost to the surroundings in the form of heat.

According to this law, entropy in the universe is continuously increasing. Organisms have a high degree of organization. The degree of organization seems to increase as organisms grow and develop. However, all living organisms are open systems; they maintain their ordered states over time with a constant input of energy and mass (as food) from their surroundings. They also keep losing energy from their bodies through heat loss and waste elimination.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Set of metabolic processes and reactions that produce energy from organic substances such as glucose. Cellular respiration takes place in the organism’s cells, where the chemical energy from nutrients or molecules of oxygen is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cellular respiration that occurs in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic respiration; in the absence of oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration.

Chapter 5, Problem 1CP

Summary Introduction

To explain: The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the way in which they relate to living organisms.

Introduction: Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations that drive all activities of the universe. The system that does not exchange energy with its surroundings is known as a closed system. The system that exchanges energy with its surroundings is known as an open system. There are two laws of thermodynamics, namely, the first law and the second law.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

First law of thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics states that “energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another form”. This law explains that organisms cannot produce energy; however, they constantly capture energy from their surrounding as open systems and covert this energy from one form to another form for biological work.

Second law of thermodynamics: The second law of thermodynamics states that “no energy transfer is 100% efficient, some energy is dispersed as heat”. In a living system such as in a cell, the second law of thermodynamic states that the capture and storage or use of energy is never 100% by living cells. The energy is lost as disordered and metabolic heat energy. For example, in a cell, energy is stored in glucose. During cellular respiration, energy is released from the bonds of glucose and transformed into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during which some energy is lost to the surroundings in the form of heat.

According to this law, entropy in the universe is continuously increasing. Organisms have a high degree of organization. The degree of organization seems to increase as organisms grow and develop. However, all living organisms are open systems; they maintain their ordered states over time with a constant input of energy and mass (as food) from their surroundings. They also keep losing energy from their bodies through heat loss and waste elimination.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 5, Problem 1CP

Summary Introduction

To explain: The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the way in which they relate to living organisms.

Introduction: Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations that drive all activities of the universe. The system that does not exchange energy with its surroundings is known as a closed system. The system that exchanges energy with its surroundings is known as an open system. There are two laws of thermodynamics, namely, the first law and the second law.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

First law of thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics states that “energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another form”. This law explains that organisms cannot produce energy; however, they constantly capture energy from their surrounding as open systems and covert this energy from one form to another form for biological work.

Second law of thermodynamics: The second law of thermodynamics states that “no energy transfer is 100% efficient, some energy is dispersed as heat”. In a living system such as in a cell, the second law of thermodynamic states that the capture and storage or use of energy is never 100% by living cells. The energy is lost as disordered and metabolic heat energy. For example, in a cell, energy is stored in glucose. During cellular respiration, energy is released from the bonds of glucose and transformed into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during which some energy is lost to the surroundings in the form of heat.

According to this law, entropy in the universe is continuously increasing. Organisms have a high degree of organization. The degree of organization seems to increase as organisms grow and develop. However, all living organisms are open systems; they maintain their ordered states over time with a constant input of energy and mass (as food) from their surroundings. They also keep losing energy from their bodies through heat loss and waste elimination.

Answer 6

Chapter 5, Problem 1CP

Summary Introduction

To explain: The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the way in which they relate to living organisms.

Introduction: Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations that drive all activities of the universe. The system that does not exchange energy with its surroundings is known as a closed system. The system that exchanges energy with its surroundings is known as an open system. There are two laws of thermodynamics, namely, the first law and the second law.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

First law of thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics states that “energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another form”. This law explains that organisms cannot produce energy; however, they constantly capture energy from their surrounding as open systems and covert this energy from one form to another form for biological work.

Second law of thermodynamics: The second law of thermodynamics states that “no energy transfer is 100% efficient, some energy is dispersed as heat”. In a living system such as in a cell, the second law of thermodynamic states that the capture and storage or use of energy is never 100% by living cells. The energy is lost as disordered and metabolic heat energy. For example, in a cell, energy is stored in glucose. During cellular respiration, energy is released from the bonds of glucose and transformed into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during which some energy is lost to the surroundings in the form of heat.

According to this law, entropy in the universe is continuously increasing. Organisms have a high degree of organization. The degree of organization seems to increase as organisms grow and develop. However, all living organisms are open systems; they maintain their ordered states over time with a constant input of energy and mass (as food) from their surroundings. They also keep losing energy from their bodies through heat loss and waste elimination.

Answer 7

Chapter 5, Problem 1CP

Summary Introduction

To explain: The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the way in which they relate to living organisms.

Introduction: Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformations that drive all activities of the universe. The system that does not exchange energy with its surroundings is known as a closed system. The system that exchanges energy with its surroundings is known as an open system. There are two laws of thermodynamics, namely, the first law and the second law.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

First law of thermodynamics: The first law of thermodynamics states that “energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one form to another form”. This law explains that organisms cannot produce energy; however, they constantly capture energy from their surrounding as open systems and covert this energy from one form to another form for biological work.

Second law of thermodynamics: The second law of thermodynamics states that “no energy transfer is 100% efficient, some energy is dispersed as heat”. In a living system such as in a cell, the second law of thermodynamic states that the capture and storage or use of energy is never 100% by living cells. The energy is lost as disordered and metabolic heat energy. For example, in a cell, energy is stored in glucose. During cellular respiration, energy is released from the bonds of glucose and transformed into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during which some energy is lost to the surroundings in the form of heat.

According to this law, entropy in the universe is continuously increasing. Organisms have a high degree of organization. The degree of organization seems to increase as organisms grow and develop. However, all living organisms are open systems; they maintain their ordered states over time with a constant input of energy and mass (as food) from their surroundings. They also keep losing energy from their bodies through heat loss and waste elimination.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Ch. 5 - Prob. 1CP Ch. 5 - Prob. 2CP Ch. 5 - Prob. 3CP Ch. 5 - Prob. 4CP Ch. 5 - Prob. 5CP Ch. 5 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 5 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 5 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 5 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 5 - Prob. 5Q

Explanation of Solution

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Chapter 5 Solutions