The packing ratio that has been achieved by wrapping DNA around the histone octamer. Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Question

You aim to test the hypothesis that the Tbx4 and Tbx5 genes inhibit each other's expression during limb development. With access to chicken embryos and viruses capable of overexpressing Tbx4 and Tbx5, describe an experiment to investigate whether these genes suppress each other's expression in the limb buds. What results would you expect if they do repress each other? What results would you expect if they do not repress each other?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 16Q

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The packing ratio that has been achieved by wrapping DNA around the histone octamer.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Summary Introduction

To calculate: How condensed is “beads on a string”DNA relative to a fully extended DNA if there is an additional 54bp of extended DNA present in the linker between nucleosomes.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Summary Introduction

To calculate: What fraction of the 10,000-fold condensation that occurs at mitosis does this first level of DNA packing represent.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

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You aim to test the hypothesis that the Tbx4 and Tbx5 genes inhibit each other's expression during limb development. With access to chicken embryos and viruses capable of overexpressing Tbx4 and Tbx5, describe an experiment to investigate whether these genes suppress each other's expression in the limb buds. What results would you expect if they do repress each other? What results would you expect if they do not repress each other?

You decide to delete Fgf4 and Fgf8 specifically in the limb bud. Explain why you would not knock out these genes in the entire embryo instead.

You implant an FGF10-coated bead into the anterior flank of a chicken embryo, directly below the level of the wing bud. What is the phenotype of the resulting ectopic limb? Briefly describe the expected expression domains of 1) Shh, 2) Tbx4, and 3) Tbx5 in the resulting ectopic limb bud.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 16Q

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The packing ratio that has been achieved by wrapping DNA around the histone octamer.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Summary Introduction

To calculate: How condensed is “beads on a string”DNA relative to a fully extended DNA if there is an additional 54bp of extended DNA present in the linker between nucleosomes.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Summary Introduction

To calculate: What fraction of the 10,000-fold condensation that occurs at mitosis does this first level of DNA packing represent.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 16Q

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The packing ratio that has been achieved by wrapping DNA around the histone octamer.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Summary Introduction

To calculate: How condensed is “beads on a string”DNA relative to a fully extended DNA if there is an additional 54bp of extended DNA present in the linker between nucleosomes.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Summary Introduction

To calculate: What fraction of the 10,000-fold condensation that occurs at mitosis does this first level of DNA packing represent.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 16Q

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The packing ratio that has been achieved by wrapping DNA around the histone octamer.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Summary Introduction

To calculate: How condensed is “beads on a string”DNA relative to a fully extended DNA if there is an additional 54bp of extended DNA present in the linker between nucleosomes.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Summary Introduction

To calculate: What fraction of the 10,000-fold condensation that occurs at mitosis does this first level of DNA packing represent.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

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Answer 5

Chapter 5, Problem 16Q

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The packing ratio that has been achieved by wrapping DNA around the histone octamer.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Summary Introduction

To calculate: How condensed is “beads on a string”DNA relative to a fully extended DNA if there is an additional 54bp of extended DNA present in the linker between nucleosomes.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Summary Introduction

To calculate: What fraction of the 10,000-fold condensation that occurs at mitosis does this first level of DNA packing represent.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Answer 6

Chapter 5, Problem 16Q

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The packing ratio that has been achieved by wrapping DNA around the histone octamer.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Answer 7

Chapter 5, Problem 16Q

Summary Introduction

To calculate: The packing ratio that has been achieved by wrapping DNA around the histone octamer.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Answer 8

Summary Introduction

To calculate: How condensed is “beads on a string”DNA relative to a fully extended DNA if there is an additional 54bp of extended DNA present in the linker between nucleosomes.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Answer 9

Summary Introduction

To calculate: How condensed is “beads on a string”DNA relative to a fully extended DNA if there is an additional 54bp of extended DNA present in the linker between nucleosomes.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Answer 10

Summary Introduction

To calculate: What fraction of the 10,000-fold condensation that occurs at mitosis does this first level of DNA packing represent.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

To calculate: What fraction of the 10,000-fold condensation that occurs at mitosis does this first level of DNA packing represent.

Introduction: Histones that are present in the eukaryotic cell nucleus are alkaline proteins that enclose and organize the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. In the center of the nucleosome core particle, an eight protein complex is occurs which is called the histone octamer. Histone proteins enclose the chromosomes into a condensed structure called as chromatin and this first level of DNA packaging appears like ‘beads on a string’ structure.

Answer 12

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Ch. 5 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 5 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 5 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 5 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 5 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 5 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 5 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 5 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 5 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 5 - Prob. 10Q

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