Whether the higher glucose concentration in blood than it can be reabsorbed in the kidney would result in loss or gain of water. Introduction: Maintenance of osmotic balance in tissues is essential to perform different metabolic functions. Osmoregulation and maintenance of body fluid levels ensure proper thermoregulation, sufficient organ perfusion, electrolyte balance, and excretion of wastes. The loop of Henle is present with nephrons in birds and mammals. Hypertonic urine production is achieved by the loop of Henle part of the nephron. In the loop of Henle, water and monovalent ions like Cl - and Na + are reabsorbed.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 49, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the higher glucose concentration in blood than it can be reabsorbed in the kidney would result in loss or gain of water.

Introduction: Maintenance of osmotic balance in tissues is essential to perform different metabolic functions. Osmoregulation and maintenance of body fluid levels ensure proper thermoregulation, sufficient organ perfusion, electrolyte balance, and excretion of wastes. The loop of Henle is present with nephrons in birds and mammals. Hypertonic urine production is achieved by the loop of Henle part of the nephron. In the loop of Henle, water and monovalent ions like Cl^- and Na⁺ are reabsorbed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reabsorption refers to the selective movement of solutes, like amino acids, glucose, and several other inorganic ions, from the filtrate present in the tubules system to the body fluids. Further, they move back into the blood stream through surrounding peritubular capillaries. Reabsorption of water also occurs and this process can be controlled for regulating the extent of water loss. When the glucose concentration is about 180 mg/100 mL in blood, saturation occurs. In untreated diabetes mellitus, the glucose concentration in blood exceeds this quantity. The glucose molecules that remain in the glomerular filtrate are then eliminated in the urine. An increase in the quantity of glucose in the blood would decrease the quantity of water that is reabsorbed, thus ultimately resulting in the loss of water.

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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 49, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the higher glucose concentration in blood than it can be reabsorbed in the kidney would result in loss or gain of water.

Introduction: Maintenance of osmotic balance in tissues is essential to perform different metabolic functions. Osmoregulation and maintenance of body fluid levels ensure proper thermoregulation, sufficient organ perfusion, electrolyte balance, and excretion of wastes. The loop of Henle is present with nephrons in birds and mammals. Hypertonic urine production is achieved by the loop of Henle part of the nephron. In the loop of Henle, water and monovalent ions like Cl^- and Na⁺ are reabsorbed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reabsorption refers to the selective movement of solutes, like amino acids, glucose, and several other inorganic ions, from the filtrate present in the tubules system to the body fluids. Further, they move back into the blood stream through surrounding peritubular capillaries. Reabsorption of water also occurs and this process can be controlled for regulating the extent of water loss. When the glucose concentration is about 180 mg/100 mL in blood, saturation occurs. In untreated diabetes mellitus, the glucose concentration in blood exceeds this quantity. The glucose molecules that remain in the glomerular filtrate are then eliminated in the urine. An increase in the quantity of glucose in the blood would decrease the quantity of water that is reabsorbed, thus ultimately resulting in the loss of water.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 49, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the higher glucose concentration in blood than it can be reabsorbed in the kidney would result in loss or gain of water.

Introduction: Maintenance of osmotic balance in tissues is essential to perform different metabolic functions. Osmoregulation and maintenance of body fluid levels ensure proper thermoregulation, sufficient organ perfusion, electrolyte balance, and excretion of wastes. The loop of Henle is present with nephrons in birds and mammals. Hypertonic urine production is achieved by the loop of Henle part of the nephron. In the loop of Henle, water and monovalent ions like Cl^- and Na⁺ are reabsorbed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reabsorption refers to the selective movement of solutes, like amino acids, glucose, and several other inorganic ions, from the filtrate present in the tubules system to the body fluids. Further, they move back into the blood stream through surrounding peritubular capillaries. Reabsorption of water also occurs and this process can be controlled for regulating the extent of water loss. When the glucose concentration is about 180 mg/100 mL in blood, saturation occurs. In untreated diabetes mellitus, the glucose concentration in blood exceeds this quantity. The glucose molecules that remain in the glomerular filtrate are then eliminated in the urine. An increase in the quantity of glucose in the blood would decrease the quantity of water that is reabsorbed, thus ultimately resulting in the loss of water.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 49, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the higher glucose concentration in blood than it can be reabsorbed in the kidney would result in loss or gain of water.

Introduction: Maintenance of osmotic balance in tissues is essential to perform different metabolic functions. Osmoregulation and maintenance of body fluid levels ensure proper thermoregulation, sufficient organ perfusion, electrolyte balance, and excretion of wastes. The loop of Henle is present with nephrons in birds and mammals. Hypertonic urine production is achieved by the loop of Henle part of the nephron. In the loop of Henle, water and monovalent ions like Cl^- and Na⁺ are reabsorbed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reabsorption refers to the selective movement of solutes, like amino acids, glucose, and several other inorganic ions, from the filtrate present in the tubules system to the body fluids. Further, they move back into the blood stream through surrounding peritubular capillaries. Reabsorption of water also occurs and this process can be controlled for regulating the extent of water loss. When the glucose concentration is about 180 mg/100 mL in blood, saturation occurs. In untreated diabetes mellitus, the glucose concentration in blood exceeds this quantity. The glucose molecules that remain in the glomerular filtrate are then eliminated in the urine. An increase in the quantity of glucose in the blood would decrease the quantity of water that is reabsorbed, thus ultimately resulting in the loss of water.

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Answer 5

Chapter 49, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the higher glucose concentration in blood than it can be reabsorbed in the kidney would result in loss or gain of water.

Introduction: Maintenance of osmotic balance in tissues is essential to perform different metabolic functions. Osmoregulation and maintenance of body fluid levels ensure proper thermoregulation, sufficient organ perfusion, electrolyte balance, and excretion of wastes. The loop of Henle is present with nephrons in birds and mammals. Hypertonic urine production is achieved by the loop of Henle part of the nephron. In the loop of Henle, water and monovalent ions like Cl^- and Na⁺ are reabsorbed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reabsorption refers to the selective movement of solutes, like amino acids, glucose, and several other inorganic ions, from the filtrate present in the tubules system to the body fluids. Further, they move back into the blood stream through surrounding peritubular capillaries. Reabsorption of water also occurs and this process can be controlled for regulating the extent of water loss. When the glucose concentration is about 180 mg/100 mL in blood, saturation occurs. In untreated diabetes mellitus, the glucose concentration in blood exceeds this quantity. The glucose molecules that remain in the glomerular filtrate are then eliminated in the urine. An increase in the quantity of glucose in the blood would decrease the quantity of water that is reabsorbed, thus ultimately resulting in the loss of water.

Answer 6

Chapter 49, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the higher glucose concentration in blood than it can be reabsorbed in the kidney would result in loss or gain of water.

Introduction: Maintenance of osmotic balance in tissues is essential to perform different metabolic functions. Osmoregulation and maintenance of body fluid levels ensure proper thermoregulation, sufficient organ perfusion, electrolyte balance, and excretion of wastes. The loop of Henle is present with nephrons in birds and mammals. Hypertonic urine production is achieved by the loop of Henle part of the nephron. In the loop of Henle, water and monovalent ions like Cl^- and Na⁺ are reabsorbed.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reabsorption refers to the selective movement of solutes, like amino acids, glucose, and several other inorganic ions, from the filtrate present in the tubules system to the body fluids. Further, they move back into the blood stream through surrounding peritubular capillaries. Reabsorption of water also occurs and this process can be controlled for regulating the extent of water loss. When the glucose concentration is about 180 mg/100 mL in blood, saturation occurs. In untreated diabetes mellitus, the glucose concentration in blood exceeds this quantity. The glucose molecules that remain in the glomerular filtrate are then eliminated in the urine. An increase in the quantity of glucose in the blood would decrease the quantity of water that is reabsorbed, thus ultimately resulting in the loss of water.

Answer 7

Chapter 49, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: Whether the higher glucose concentration in blood than it can be reabsorbed in the kidney would result in loss or gain of water.

Introduction: Maintenance of osmotic balance in tissues is essential to perform different metabolic functions. Osmoregulation and maintenance of body fluid levels ensure proper thermoregulation, sufficient organ perfusion, electrolyte balance, and excretion of wastes. The loop of Henle is present with nephrons in birds and mammals. Hypertonic urine production is achieved by the loop of Henle part of the nephron. In the loop of Henle, water and monovalent ions like Cl^- and Na⁺ are reabsorbed.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Reabsorption refers to the selective movement of solutes, like amino acids, glucose, and several other inorganic ions, from the filtrate present in the tubules system to the body fluids. Further, they move back into the blood stream through surrounding peritubular capillaries. Reabsorption of water also occurs and this process can be controlled for regulating the extent of water loss. When the glucose concentration is about 180 mg/100 mL in blood, saturation occurs. In untreated diabetes mellitus, the glucose concentration in blood exceeds this quantity. The glucose molecules that remain in the glomerular filtrate are then eliminated in the urine. An increase in the quantity of glucose in the blood would decrease the quantity of water that is reabsorbed, thus ultimately resulting in the loss of water.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Ch. 49.1 - Prob. 1LO Ch. 49.1 - Prob. 2LO Ch. 49.2 - Identify the relative toxicity and solubility of...Ch. 49.3 - Prob. 1LO Ch. 49.3 - Define reabsorption and secretion.Ch. 49.4 - Prob. 1LO Ch. 49.4 - Explain the role of the loop of Henle in the...Ch. 49.5 - Prob. 1LO Ch. 49.5 - Prob. 2LO Ch. 49.5 - Prob. 3LO

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