Campbell Biology: Australian And New Zealand Edition + Mastering Biology With Etext
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781488687075
Author: Lisa, A. Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 48.4, Problem 2CC
Some pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine. Explain how these toxins would affect EPSPs produced by acetylcholine.
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Sarin is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Draw a mechanism that shows this.
Correct the following false statement:
"Any cell that has the acetylcholine receptor will have the same response as any other cell that also has the acetylcholine receptor when exposed to acetylcholine".
Explain why this statement is false.
The graph shows a tracing of membrane potential change during the course of an action potential in a typical neuron. Predict the effect of exposure to the following neurotoxins. Briefly explain how you would expect the action potential to change in the presence of each toxin and why.
A toxin produced by puffer fish which specifically binds to voltage-gated sodium channels and blocks the flow of sodium ions through the channel.
A toxin found in scoprion venom which slows the closure of voltage-gated sodium channel inactivation gates.
Assume that the cell is normally brought to threshold by an electrical stimulus applied to it, so that any change is due only to the presence of the toxin
Precise values for voltage and duration are not important, just a general trend in how the action potential may differ from the typical trace shown is expected.
Chapter 48 Solutions
Campbell Biology: Australian And New Zealand Edition + Mastering Biology With Etext
Ch. 48.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 48.1 - Describe the basic pathway of information flow...Ch. 48.1 - WHAT IF? How might increased branching of an axon...Ch. 48.2 - Under what circumstances could ions flow through...Ch. 48.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose a cell's membrane potential...Ch. 48.2 - MAKE CONNECTiONS Review Figure 7.10, which...Ch. 48.3 - How do action potentials and graded potentials...Ch. 48.3 - In multiple sclerosis (from the Greek skleros,...Ch. 48.3 - How do both negative and positive feedback...Ch. 48.3 - WHAT IF? Suppose a mutation caused gated sodium...
Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 48.4 - Some pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the...Ch. 48.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 48 - How would severing an axon affect the flow of...Ch. 48 - Suppose you placed an isolated neuron in a...Ch. 48 - Prob. 48.3CRCh. 48 - Prob. 48.4CRCh. 48 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. What happens...Ch. 48 - Level 1: Knowledge/Comprehension 1. What happens...Ch. 48 - Where are neurotransmitter receptors located? (A)...Ch. 48 - Why are action potentials usually conducted in one...Ch. 48 - Which of the following is the most direct result...Ch. 48 - Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an...Ch. 48 - WHAT IF? Ouabain, a plant substance used in some...Ch. 48 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 48 - DRAW IT Suppose a researcher inserts a pair of...Ch. 48 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION An action potential is an...Ch. 48 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 48 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ORGANIZATION In a short essay...Ch. 48 - Prob. 13TYU
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Malathion is an insecticide commonly used in the horticultural industry. Many homeowners apply this chemical to their trees to rid them of infestation by aphids or other insects. Malathion is classified as an organophosphate insecticide. Exposure to malathion is very dangerous to humans and animals because it acts as an irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Predict what might happen to synaptic communication between cholinergic neurons if an individual or animal was poisoned with malathion, and clearly describe the mechanisms at work.arrow_forwardAcetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter that is responsible for initiating muscle movement. Consider the scenario where a mouse was bitten by a snake that injected venom into their circulatory system. The venom has an inhibitory effect on the reuptake of acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft. Explain how the mouse’s body would respond to the venom as well as the venoms effect at the cellular level.arrow_forwardAfter discussing his case with his physician, he learned that he had probably been the victim of pufferfish poisoning. The active toxin in the tissues of this fish is a chemical called tetrodotoxin (TTX). Tetrodotoxin is in a class of chemicals known as neurotoxins because it exerts its effects on neurons. The specific action of tetrodotoxin is that it blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. Define the following phrases and terms associated with the signs and symptoms of Dr. Westwood’s TTX poisoning: diaphoresis motor dysfunction paresthesias cyanotic hypoventilating bradycardia gastric lavage oxygen saturation As mentioned in the case description, tetrodotoxin is a molecule that blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. What is a voltage-gated sodium ion channel and what is its function? When nerve cells are at rest, there is an unequal amount of positive and negative charges on either side of a nerve cell membrane. This charge difference creates an electrical potential.…arrow_forward
- Cone snails, krait snakes, and poison-dart frogs (dendrobatidfrogs) have independently evolved venoms that block the muscleacetylcholine receptor. Why do you suppose this receptor has sooften become a target of venoms? Explain your answer in termsof the cellular mechanisms involved.arrow_forwardA patient has been exposed to the organophosphate pesticide malathion,which inactivates acetylcholinesterase. Which of the following symptoms would you predict: blurring of vision, excess tear formation, frequent or involuntary urination, pallor (pale skin), muscle twitching, orcramps? Would atropine be an effective drug to treat the symptoms?(See Clinical Impact 16.2 for the action of atropine.) Explain.arrow_forwardWhich of the following structures has activity like acetylcholine? HyC H-C HC NMeg NMey D]arrow_forward
- One treatment for myasthenia gravis is a medication that blocks the activity of acetylcholinesterase. Suggest why this might be a successful treatment.arrow_forwardWhat is the difference between inactivate and closed Na+ channels?Explain how a salty flavor is transduced into an action potential. Describe each step in an action potentialarrow_forwardWhat would happen to an insect if you treated an insect with a chemical that inhibits acetylcholinesterase? 1) K+ channels get stuck open and the neuron stays perminantly hyperpolarized 2) Acetylcholine would continue to activiate Ca++ channels until death by exhaustion 3) Acetylcholine would continue to activiate Na+ channels until death by exhaustionarrow_forward
- When the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) binds the acetylcholine receptor (a GPCR) on muscle cells, it causes them to contract. ZIGGY, a chemical analog of ACh, also binds to the same acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells, but instead causes the muscle cells to relax. For this reason, it is sometimes prescribed as a muscle relaxer. Explain in 3-4 sentences how ZIGGY could cause muscle relaxation. How can both ZIGGY and ACh bind the same GPCR? And then how can they have different effects on the cells, despite binding to the same receptor on the same cells?arrow_forwardDendrotoxins, produced by the mamba snakes (Dendroaspis), are inhibitors of the voltage-gated K+ channels. What phase of the action potential would this toxin affect? How would it affect ion permeability during this phase? How would ion movement be affected?arrow_forwardView the University of Michigan WebScope (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/nervefiber) to see an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a myelinated nerve fiber. The axon contains microtubules and neurofilaments that are bounded by a plasma membrane known as the axolemma. Outside the plasma membrane of the axon is the myelin sheath, which is composed of the tightly wrapped plasma membrane of a Schwann cell. What aspects of the cells in this image react with the stain to make them a deep, dark, black color, such as the multiple layers that are the myelin sheath?arrow_forward
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