The immunity is the ability of the immune system to defend the animal against the invading pathogens. This system is involved in preventing the entry of the pathogen. If a pathogen enters, it detects and activates the immune response for clearing the pathogen from the body. The first line of defense is innate immunity that occurs in all animals and has a rapid response. The adaptive immunity is the second line of defense, if the pathogen has been encountered for the first time. It is a slow response.

Question

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 48, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The immunity is the ability of the immune system to defend the animal against the invading pathogens. This system is involved in preventing the entry of the pathogen. If a pathogen enters, it detects and activates the immune response for clearing the pathogen from the body. The first line of defense is innate immunity that occurs in all animals and has a rapid response. The adaptive immunity is the second line of defense, if the pathogen has been encountered for the first time. It is a slow response.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

The adaptive immunity is capable of creating memory and is specific when compared with innate immunity. The innate immunity differs from the adaptive response in the generation of memory.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (c) is given that the adaptive response generates immunological memory and is more specific than the innate response. The innate immunity and adaptive immunity are referred to as fast and slow responses against the pathogen, respectively. The cells are adapted for a specific pathogen in adaptive immunity, whereas the first cells that are active against a pathogen contribute to innate immunity. The adaptive immune response is capable of creating the memory after the first encounter of the pathogen. Hence, option (c) is correct.

Explanation for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given that the innate immune response can distinguish between the different pathogens, but it lacks the ability to distinguish between the strains of the same organism. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (b) is given that the antigen is capable of inducing innate as well as adaptive response. If the antigen has been previously encountered, then it activates the adaptive response. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (d) is given that innate response does not kill cells; the adaptive response does. There are many cells of innate immune system like white blood cells, or leukocytes, that defend and protect the human body by actively phagocyting foreign invaders. So, it is a wrong answer.

Hence, options (a), (b), and (d) are incorrect.

Conclusion

Therefore, the innate immune response lacks the ability to distinguish between different strains of organisms and also the generation of immunological memory. The adaptive immune response includes antibodies, which contribute to this feature.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Students have asked these similar questions

The diagram below illustrates a quorum sensing pathway from Staphylococcus aureus. Please answer the following questions. 1. Autoinduction is part of the quorum sensing system. Which promoter (P2 or P3) is critical for autoinduction? 2)This staphylococcus aureus grows on human wounds, causing severe infections. You would like to start a clinical trial to treat these wound infections. Please describe: a) What molecule do you recommend for the trial. Why? b) Your trial requires that Staphylococcus aureus be isolated from the wound and submitted to genome sequencing before admittance. Why? What are you testing for? 3) If a mutation arises where the Promoter P3 is constitutively active, how would that influence sensitivity to AIP? Please explain your rationale. 4) This pathway is sensitive to bacterial cell density. Describe two separate mutation that would render the pathway active independent of cell density. Briefly explain your rationale. Mutation 1 Mutation 2

There is currently a H5N1 cattle outbreak in North America. According to the CDC on Feb 26*: "A multistate outbreak of HPAI A(H5N1) bird flu in dairy cows was first reported on March 25, 2024. This is the first time that these bird flu viruses had been found in cows. In the United States, since 2022, USDA has reported HPAI A(H5N1) virus detections in more than 200 mammals." List and describe two mechanisms that could lead to this H5N1 influenza strain evolving to spread in human: Mechanisms 1: Mechanisms 2: For the mutations to results in a human epidered they would need to change how the virus interacts with the human host. In the case of mutations that may promote an epidemic, provide an example for: a protein that might incur a mutation: how the mutation would change interactions with cells in the respiratory tract (name the receptor on human cells) List two phenotypic consequence from this mutation that would increase human risk

You have a bacterial strain with the CMU operon: a) As shown in the image below, the cmu operon encodes a peptide (Pep1), as well as a kinase and regulator corresponding to a two-component system. The cmu operon is activated when Pep 1 is added to the growth media. Pep1 is a peptide that when added extracellularly leads to activation of the Cmu operon. Pep1 cmu-kinase cmu-regulator You also have these genetic components in other strains: b) An alternative sigma factor, with a promoter activated by the cmu-regulator, that control a series of multiple operons that together encode a transformasome (cellular machinery for transformation). c) the gene cl (a repressor). d) the promoter X, which includes a cl binding site (and in the absence of cl is active). e) the gene gp (encoding a green fluorescence protein). Using the cmu operon as a starting point, and assuming you can perform cloning to rearrange any of these genomic features, how would you use one or more of these to modify the…

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 48, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The immunity is the ability of the immune system to defend the animal against the invading pathogens. This system is involved in preventing the entry of the pathogen. If a pathogen enters, it detects and activates the immune response for clearing the pathogen from the body. The first line of defense is innate immunity that occurs in all animals and has a rapid response. The adaptive immunity is the second line of defense, if the pathogen has been encountered for the first time. It is a slow response.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

The adaptive immunity is capable of creating memory and is specific when compared with innate immunity. The innate immunity differs from the adaptive response in the generation of memory.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (c) is given that the adaptive response generates immunological memory and is more specific than the innate response. The innate immunity and adaptive immunity are referred to as fast and slow responses against the pathogen, respectively. The cells are adapted for a specific pathogen in adaptive immunity, whereas the first cells that are active against a pathogen contribute to innate immunity. The adaptive immune response is capable of creating the memory after the first encounter of the pathogen. Hence, option (c) is correct.

Explanation for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given that the innate immune response can distinguish between the different pathogens, but it lacks the ability to distinguish between the strains of the same organism. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (b) is given that the antigen is capable of inducing innate as well as adaptive response. If the antigen has been previously encountered, then it activates the adaptive response. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (d) is given that innate response does not kill cells; the adaptive response does. There are many cells of innate immune system like white blood cells, or leukocytes, that defend and protect the human body by actively phagocyting foreign invaders. So, it is a wrong answer.

Hence, options (a), (b), and (d) are incorrect.

Conclusion

Therefore, the innate immune response lacks the ability to distinguish between different strains of organisms and also the generation of immunological memory. The adaptive immune response includes antibodies, which contribute to this feature.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 48, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The immunity is the ability of the immune system to defend the animal against the invading pathogens. This system is involved in preventing the entry of the pathogen. If a pathogen enters, it detects and activates the immune response for clearing the pathogen from the body. The first line of defense is innate immunity that occurs in all animals and has a rapid response. The adaptive immunity is the second line of defense, if the pathogen has been encountered for the first time. It is a slow response.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

The adaptive immunity is capable of creating memory and is specific when compared with innate immunity. The innate immunity differs from the adaptive response in the generation of memory.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (c) is given that the adaptive response generates immunological memory and is more specific than the innate response. The innate immunity and adaptive immunity are referred to as fast and slow responses against the pathogen, respectively. The cells are adapted for a specific pathogen in adaptive immunity, whereas the first cells that are active against a pathogen contribute to innate immunity. The adaptive immune response is capable of creating the memory after the first encounter of the pathogen. Hence, option (c) is correct.

Explanation for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given that the innate immune response can distinguish between the different pathogens, but it lacks the ability to distinguish between the strains of the same organism. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (b) is given that the antigen is capable of inducing innate as well as adaptive response. If the antigen has been previously encountered, then it activates the adaptive response. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (d) is given that innate response does not kill cells; the adaptive response does. There are many cells of innate immune system like white blood cells, or leukocytes, that defend and protect the human body by actively phagocyting foreign invaders. So, it is a wrong answer.

Hence, options (a), (b), and (d) are incorrect.

Conclusion

Therefore, the innate immune response lacks the ability to distinguish between different strains of organisms and also the generation of immunological memory. The adaptive immune response includes antibodies, which contribute to this feature.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 48, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The immunity is the ability of the immune system to defend the animal against the invading pathogens. This system is involved in preventing the entry of the pathogen. If a pathogen enters, it detects and activates the immune response for clearing the pathogen from the body. The first line of defense is innate immunity that occurs in all animals and has a rapid response. The adaptive immunity is the second line of defense, if the pathogen has been encountered for the first time. It is a slow response.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

The adaptive immunity is capable of creating memory and is specific when compared with innate immunity. The innate immunity differs from the adaptive response in the generation of memory.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (c) is given that the adaptive response generates immunological memory and is more specific than the innate response. The innate immunity and adaptive immunity are referred to as fast and slow responses against the pathogen, respectively. The cells are adapted for a specific pathogen in adaptive immunity, whereas the first cells that are active against a pathogen contribute to innate immunity. The adaptive immune response is capable of creating the memory after the first encounter of the pathogen. Hence, option (c) is correct.

Explanation for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given that the innate immune response can distinguish between the different pathogens, but it lacks the ability to distinguish between the strains of the same organism. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (b) is given that the antigen is capable of inducing innate as well as adaptive response. If the antigen has been previously encountered, then it activates the adaptive response. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (d) is given that innate response does not kill cells; the adaptive response does. There are many cells of innate immune system like white blood cells, or leukocytes, that defend and protect the human body by actively phagocyting foreign invaders. So, it is a wrong answer.

Hence, options (a), (b), and (d) are incorrect.

Conclusion

Therefore, the innate immune response lacks the ability to distinguish between different strains of organisms and also the generation of immunological memory. The adaptive immune response includes antibodies, which contribute to this feature.

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 48, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The immunity is the ability of the immune system to defend the animal against the invading pathogens. This system is involved in preventing the entry of the pathogen. If a pathogen enters, it detects and activates the immune response for clearing the pathogen from the body. The first line of defense is innate immunity that occurs in all animals and has a rapid response. The adaptive immunity is the second line of defense, if the pathogen has been encountered for the first time. It is a slow response.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

The adaptive immunity is capable of creating memory and is specific when compared with innate immunity. The innate immunity differs from the adaptive response in the generation of memory.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (c) is given that the adaptive response generates immunological memory and is more specific than the innate response. The innate immunity and adaptive immunity are referred to as fast and slow responses against the pathogen, respectively. The cells are adapted for a specific pathogen in adaptive immunity, whereas the first cells that are active against a pathogen contribute to innate immunity. The adaptive immune response is capable of creating the memory after the first encounter of the pathogen. Hence, option (c) is correct.

Explanation for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given that the innate immune response can distinguish between the different pathogens, but it lacks the ability to distinguish between the strains of the same organism. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (b) is given that the antigen is capable of inducing innate as well as adaptive response. If the antigen has been previously encountered, then it activates the adaptive response. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (d) is given that innate response does not kill cells; the adaptive response does. There are many cells of innate immune system like white blood cells, or leukocytes, that defend and protect the human body by actively phagocyting foreign invaders. So, it is a wrong answer.

Hence, options (a), (b), and (d) are incorrect.

Conclusion

Therefore, the innate immune response lacks the ability to distinguish between different strains of organisms and also the generation of immunological memory. The adaptive immune response includes antibodies, which contribute to this feature.

Answer 6

Chapter 48, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The immunity is the ability of the immune system to defend the animal against the invading pathogens. This system is involved in preventing the entry of the pathogen. If a pathogen enters, it detects and activates the immune response for clearing the pathogen from the body. The first line of defense is innate immunity that occurs in all animals and has a rapid response. The adaptive immunity is the second line of defense, if the pathogen has been encountered for the first time. It is a slow response.

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

The adaptive immunity is capable of creating memory and is specific when compared with innate immunity. The innate immunity differs from the adaptive response in the generation of memory.

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (c) is given that the adaptive response generates immunological memory and is more specific than the innate response. The innate immunity and adaptive immunity are referred to as fast and slow responses against the pathogen, respectively. The cells are adapted for a specific pathogen in adaptive immunity, whereas the first cells that are active against a pathogen contribute to innate immunity. The adaptive immune response is capable of creating the memory after the first encounter of the pathogen. Hence, option (c) is correct.

Explanation for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given that the innate immune response can distinguish between the different pathogens, but it lacks the ability to distinguish between the strains of the same organism. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (b) is given that the antigen is capable of inducing innate as well as adaptive response. If the antigen has been previously encountered, then it activates the adaptive response. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (d) is given that innate response does not kill cells; the adaptive response does. There are many cells of innate immune system like white blood cells, or leukocytes, that defend and protect the human body by actively phagocyting foreign invaders. So, it is a wrong answer.

Hence, options (a), (b), and (d) are incorrect.

Conclusion

Therefore, the innate immune response lacks the ability to distinguish between different strains of organisms and also the generation of immunological memory. The adaptive immune response includes antibodies, which contribute to this feature.

Answer 7

Chapter 48, Problem 1TYK

Summary Introduction

Introduction:

The immunity is the ability of the immune system to defend the animal against the invading pathogens. This system is involved in preventing the entry of the pathogen. If a pathogen enters, it detects and activates the immune response for clearing the pathogen from the body. The first line of defense is innate immunity that occurs in all animals and has a rapid response. The adaptive immunity is the second line of defense, if the pathogen has been encountered for the first time. It is a slow response.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Correct answer:

The adaptive immunity is capable of creating memory and is specific when compared with innate immunity. The innate immunity differs from the adaptive response in the generation of memory.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Explanation of Solution

Explanation/justification for the correct answer:

Option (c) is given that the adaptive response generates immunological memory and is more specific than the innate response. The innate immunity and adaptive immunity are referred to as fast and slow responses against the pathogen, respectively. The cells are adapted for a specific pathogen in adaptive immunity, whereas the first cells that are active against a pathogen contribute to innate immunity. The adaptive immune response is capable of creating the memory after the first encounter of the pathogen. Hence, option (c) is correct.

Explanation for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given that the innate immune response can distinguish between the different pathogens, but it lacks the ability to distinguish between the strains of the same organism. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (b) is given that the antigen is capable of inducing innate as well as adaptive response. If the antigen has been previously encountered, then it activates the adaptive response. So, it is a wrong answer.

Option (d) is given that innate response does not kill cells; the adaptive response does. There are many cells of innate immune system like white blood cells, or leukocytes, that defend and protect the human body by actively phagocyting foreign invaders. So, it is a wrong answer.

Hence, options (a), (b), and (d) are incorrect.

Answer 12

Conclusion

Therefore, the innate immune response lacks the ability to distinguish between different strains of organisms and also the generation of immunological memory. The adaptive immune response includes antibodies, which contribute to this feature.

Answer 13

Ch. 48 - Prob. 1TYK Ch. 48 - Prob. 2TYK Ch. 48 - Prob. 3TYK Ch. 48 - 4. What is one of the differences between CD4+ and...Ch. 48 - Prob. 5TYU Ch. 48 - What steps are required for most B cells to become...Ch. 48 - Why is clonal selection necessary for the adaptive...Ch. 48 - Prob. 8TYU Ch. 48 - Prob. 9TYPSS Ch. 48 - Propose a hypothesis to explain how self-reactive...

Concept explainers

Answer to Problem 1TYK

Explanation of Solution

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Chapter 48 Solutions