The effects of rigorous exercise on muscle glycogen, blood glucose, and carbohydrate utilization in the given two trials. Given: A group of seven trained cyclists was included in two cycling trials. On day 1, the athletes were given flavored water (a placebo) at 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. On day 2, the athletes were administered with glucose, again at every 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. The levels of the muscle glycogen and the time taken by muscles to get tired were recorded and are shown in the Table 1. Table 1: Time taken by the muscles to get tired in response to different drinks. Types of drinks ingested by athletes Levels of muscle glycogen at the starting (0 hours) Levels of muscle glycogen after 2 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 3 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 4 hours of cycling Time taken by muscles to get fatigued (hours) Flavored water) Place bo 163 ± 13 60 ± 9 37 ± 5 No data 3.02 ± 0.19 Glucose Solution 173 ± 11 71 ± 11 44 ± 12 39 ± 8 0 4.02 ± 0.33 P = 0.27 P = 0.22 P = 0.30 P = 0.01 Introduction: Glucose is the source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that provides energy by hydrolyzing its phosphate bonds. The glucose is used as a metabolic fuel to carry out the various physiological processes inside the body. The ATPs produced by the glycolytic pathway produces a tremendous amount of energy.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 47, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of rigorous exercise on muscle glycogen, blood glucose, and carbohydrate utilization in the given two trials.

Given:

A group of seven trained cyclists was included in two cycling trials. On day 1, the athletes were given flavored water (a placebo) at 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. On day 2, the athletes were administered with glucose, again at every 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. The levels of the muscle glycogen and the time taken by muscles to get tired were recorded and are shown in the Table 1.

Table 1: Time taken by the muscles to get tired in response to different drinks.

Types of drinks ingested by athletes Levels of muscle glycogen at the starting (0 hours) Levels of muscle glycogen after 2 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 3 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 4 hours of cycling Time taken by muscles to get fatigued (hours)

Flavored water) Place bo 163 ± 13 60 ± 9 37 ± 5 No data 3.02 ± 0.19

Glucose Solution 173 ± 11 71 ± 11 44 ± 12 39 ± 8 0 4.02 ± 0.33

P = 0.27 P = 0.22 P = 0.30 P = 0.01

Introduction:

Glucose is the source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that provides energy by hydrolyzing its phosphate bonds. The glucose is used as a metabolic fuel to carry out the various physiological processes inside the body. The ATPs produced by the glycolytic pathway produces a tremendous amount of energy.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The probability value (P-value) indicates whether a given data claimed by the experimenter could be accepted or rejected. The data claimed by an experimenter is also known as a null hypothesis. When the P-value is found less than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets rejected. Whereas, if the P-value is found greater than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets accepted.

The given data indicates that glucose level falls after rigorous cycling, but if the glucose is supplied externally, glucose levels were maintained for some time, thereby providing energy. The level of glycogen in muscles remains constant since no breakdown of glycogen is required in case of external administration of glucose. The internal carbohydrates are utilized less frequently because of the presence of externally ingested glucose.

Conclusion

Thus, the P-value greater than 0.05 signifies that the external administration of glucose increase the glucose level in the blood and maintains the muscles’ glycogen level. The carbohydrate degradation also stops as energy is already provided by the external glucose.

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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 47, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of rigorous exercise on muscle glycogen, blood glucose, and carbohydrate utilization in the given two trials.

Given:

A group of seven trained cyclists was included in two cycling trials. On day 1, the athletes were given flavored water (a placebo) at 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. On day 2, the athletes were administered with glucose, again at every 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. The levels of the muscle glycogen and the time taken by muscles to get tired were recorded and are shown in the Table 1.

Table 1: Time taken by the muscles to get tired in response to different drinks.

Types of drinks ingested by athletes Levels of muscle glycogen at the starting (0 hours) Levels of muscle glycogen after 2 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 3 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 4 hours of cycling Time taken by muscles to get fatigued (hours)

Flavored water) Place bo 163 ± 13 60 ± 9 37 ± 5 No data 3.02 ± 0.19

Glucose Solution 173 ± 11 71 ± 11 44 ± 12 39 ± 8 0 4.02 ± 0.33

P = 0.27 P = 0.22 P = 0.30 P = 0.01

Introduction:

Glucose is the source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that provides energy by hydrolyzing its phosphate bonds. The glucose is used as a metabolic fuel to carry out the various physiological processes inside the body. The ATPs produced by the glycolytic pathway produces a tremendous amount of energy.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The probability value (P-value) indicates whether a given data claimed by the experimenter could be accepted or rejected. The data claimed by an experimenter is also known as a null hypothesis. When the P-value is found less than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets rejected. Whereas, if the P-value is found greater than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets accepted.

The given data indicates that glucose level falls after rigorous cycling, but if the glucose is supplied externally, glucose levels were maintained for some time, thereby providing energy. The level of glycogen in muscles remains constant since no breakdown of glycogen is required in case of external administration of glucose. The internal carbohydrates are utilized less frequently because of the presence of externally ingested glucose.

Conclusion

Thus, the P-value greater than 0.05 signifies that the external administration of glucose increase the glucose level in the blood and maintains the muscles’ glycogen level. The carbohydrate degradation also stops as energy is already provided by the external glucose.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 47, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of rigorous exercise on muscle glycogen, blood glucose, and carbohydrate utilization in the given two trials.

Given:

A group of seven trained cyclists was included in two cycling trials. On day 1, the athletes were given flavored water (a placebo) at 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. On day 2, the athletes were administered with glucose, again at every 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. The levels of the muscle glycogen and the time taken by muscles to get tired were recorded and are shown in the Table 1.

Table 1: Time taken by the muscles to get tired in response to different drinks.

Types of drinks ingested by athletes Levels of muscle glycogen at the starting (0 hours) Levels of muscle glycogen after 2 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 3 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 4 hours of cycling Time taken by muscles to get fatigued (hours)

Flavored water) Place bo 163 ± 13 60 ± 9 37 ± 5 No data 3.02 ± 0.19

Glucose Solution 173 ± 11 71 ± 11 44 ± 12 39 ± 8 0 4.02 ± 0.33

P = 0.27 P = 0.22 P = 0.30 P = 0.01

Introduction:

Glucose is the source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that provides energy by hydrolyzing its phosphate bonds. The glucose is used as a metabolic fuel to carry out the various physiological processes inside the body. The ATPs produced by the glycolytic pathway produces a tremendous amount of energy.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The probability value (P-value) indicates whether a given data claimed by the experimenter could be accepted or rejected. The data claimed by an experimenter is also known as a null hypothesis. When the P-value is found less than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets rejected. Whereas, if the P-value is found greater than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets accepted.

The given data indicates that glucose level falls after rigorous cycling, but if the glucose is supplied externally, glucose levels were maintained for some time, thereby providing energy. The level of glycogen in muscles remains constant since no breakdown of glycogen is required in case of external administration of glucose. The internal carbohydrates are utilized less frequently because of the presence of externally ingested glucose.

Conclusion

Thus, the P-value greater than 0.05 signifies that the external administration of glucose increase the glucose level in the blood and maintains the muscles’ glycogen level. The carbohydrate degradation also stops as energy is already provided by the external glucose.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 47, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of rigorous exercise on muscle glycogen, blood glucose, and carbohydrate utilization in the given two trials.

Given:

A group of seven trained cyclists was included in two cycling trials. On day 1, the athletes were given flavored water (a placebo) at 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. On day 2, the athletes were administered with glucose, again at every 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. The levels of the muscle glycogen and the time taken by muscles to get tired were recorded and are shown in the Table 1.

Table 1: Time taken by the muscles to get tired in response to different drinks.

Types of drinks ingested by athletes Levels of muscle glycogen at the starting (0 hours) Levels of muscle glycogen after 2 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 3 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 4 hours of cycling Time taken by muscles to get fatigued (hours)

Flavored water) Place bo 163 ± 13 60 ± 9 37 ± 5 No data 3.02 ± 0.19

Glucose Solution 173 ± 11 71 ± 11 44 ± 12 39 ± 8 0 4.02 ± 0.33

P = 0.27 P = 0.22 P = 0.30 P = 0.01

Introduction:

Glucose is the source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that provides energy by hydrolyzing its phosphate bonds. The glucose is used as a metabolic fuel to carry out the various physiological processes inside the body. The ATPs produced by the glycolytic pathway produces a tremendous amount of energy.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The probability value (P-value) indicates whether a given data claimed by the experimenter could be accepted or rejected. The data claimed by an experimenter is also known as a null hypothesis. When the P-value is found less than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets rejected. Whereas, if the P-value is found greater than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets accepted.

The given data indicates that glucose level falls after rigorous cycling, but if the glucose is supplied externally, glucose levels were maintained for some time, thereby providing energy. The level of glycogen in muscles remains constant since no breakdown of glycogen is required in case of external administration of glucose. The internal carbohydrates are utilized less frequently because of the presence of externally ingested glucose.

Conclusion

Thus, the P-value greater than 0.05 signifies that the external administration of glucose increase the glucose level in the blood and maintains the muscles’ glycogen level. The carbohydrate degradation also stops as energy is already provided by the external glucose.

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Answer 5

Chapter 47, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of rigorous exercise on muscle glycogen, blood glucose, and carbohydrate utilization in the given two trials.

Given:

A group of seven trained cyclists was included in two cycling trials. On day 1, the athletes were given flavored water (a placebo) at 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. On day 2, the athletes were administered with glucose, again at every 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. The levels of the muscle glycogen and the time taken by muscles to get tired were recorded and are shown in the Table 1.

Table 1: Time taken by the muscles to get tired in response to different drinks.

Types of drinks ingested by athletes Levels of muscle glycogen at the starting (0 hours) Levels of muscle glycogen after 2 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 3 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 4 hours of cycling Time taken by muscles to get fatigued (hours)

Flavored water) Place bo 163 ± 13 60 ± 9 37 ± 5 No data 3.02 ± 0.19

Glucose Solution 173 ± 11 71 ± 11 44 ± 12 39 ± 8 0 4.02 ± 0.33

P = 0.27 P = 0.22 P = 0.30 P = 0.01

Introduction:

Glucose is the source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that provides energy by hydrolyzing its phosphate bonds. The glucose is used as a metabolic fuel to carry out the various physiological processes inside the body. The ATPs produced by the glycolytic pathway produces a tremendous amount of energy.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The probability value (P-value) indicates whether a given data claimed by the experimenter could be accepted or rejected. The data claimed by an experimenter is also known as a null hypothesis. When the P-value is found less than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets rejected. Whereas, if the P-value is found greater than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets accepted.

The given data indicates that glucose level falls after rigorous cycling, but if the glucose is supplied externally, glucose levels were maintained for some time, thereby providing energy. The level of glycogen in muscles remains constant since no breakdown of glycogen is required in case of external administration of glucose. The internal carbohydrates are utilized less frequently because of the presence of externally ingested glucose.

Conclusion

Thus, the P-value greater than 0.05 signifies that the external administration of glucose increase the glucose level in the blood and maintains the muscles’ glycogen level. The carbohydrate degradation also stops as energy is already provided by the external glucose.

Answer 6

Chapter 47, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of rigorous exercise on muscle glycogen, blood glucose, and carbohydrate utilization in the given two trials.

Given:

A group of seven trained cyclists was included in two cycling trials. On day 1, the athletes were given flavored water (a placebo) at 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. On day 2, the athletes were administered with glucose, again at every 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. The levels of the muscle glycogen and the time taken by muscles to get tired were recorded and are shown in the Table 1.

Table 1: Time taken by the muscles to get tired in response to different drinks.

Types of drinks ingested by athletes Levels of muscle glycogen at the starting (0 hours) Levels of muscle glycogen after 2 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 3 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 4 hours of cycling Time taken by muscles to get fatigued (hours)

Flavored water) Place bo 163 ± 13 60 ± 9 37 ± 5 No data 3.02 ± 0.19

Glucose Solution 173 ± 11 71 ± 11 44 ± 12 39 ± 8 0 4.02 ± 0.33

P = 0.27 P = 0.22 P = 0.30 P = 0.01

Introduction:

Glucose is the source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that provides energy by hydrolyzing its phosphate bonds. The glucose is used as a metabolic fuel to carry out the various physiological processes inside the body. The ATPs produced by the glycolytic pathway produces a tremendous amount of energy.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The probability value (P-value) indicates whether a given data claimed by the experimenter could be accepted or rejected. The data claimed by an experimenter is also known as a null hypothesis. When the P-value is found less than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets rejected. Whereas, if the P-value is found greater than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets accepted.

The given data indicates that glucose level falls after rigorous cycling, but if the glucose is supplied externally, glucose levels were maintained for some time, thereby providing energy. The level of glycogen in muscles remains constant since no breakdown of glycogen is required in case of external administration of glucose. The internal carbohydrates are utilized less frequently because of the presence of externally ingested glucose.

Conclusion

Thus, the P-value greater than 0.05 signifies that the external administration of glucose increase the glucose level in the blood and maintains the muscles’ glycogen level. The carbohydrate degradation also stops as energy is already provided by the external glucose.

Answer 7

Chapter 47, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The effects of rigorous exercise on muscle glycogen, blood glucose, and carbohydrate utilization in the given two trials.

Given:

A group of seven trained cyclists was included in two cycling trials. On day 1, the athletes were given flavored water (a placebo) at 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. On day 2, the athletes were administered with glucose, again at every 20 minutes interval throughout the trial. The levels of the muscle glycogen and the time taken by muscles to get tired were recorded and are shown in the Table 1.

Table 1: Time taken by the muscles to get tired in response to different drinks.

Types of drinks ingested by athletes Levels of muscle glycogen at the starting (0 hours) Levels of muscle glycogen after 2 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 3 hours of cycling Levels of muscle glycogen after 4 hours of cycling Time taken by muscles to get fatigued (hours)

Flavored water) Place bo 163 ± 13 60 ± 9 37 ± 5 No data 3.02 ± 0.19

Glucose Solution 173 ± 11 71 ± 11 44 ± 12 39 ± 8 0 4.02 ± 0.33

P = 0.27 P = 0.22 P = 0.30 P = 0.01

Introduction:

Glucose is the source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that provides energy by hydrolyzing its phosphate bonds. The glucose is used as a metabolic fuel to carry out the various physiological processes inside the body. The ATPs produced by the glycolytic pathway produces a tremendous amount of energy.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

The probability value (P-value) indicates whether a given data claimed by the experimenter could be accepted or rejected. The data claimed by an experimenter is also known as a null hypothesis. When the P-value is found less than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets rejected. Whereas, if the P-value is found greater than 0.05, the null hypothesis gets accepted.

The given data indicates that glucose level falls after rigorous cycling, but if the glucose is supplied externally, glucose levels were maintained for some time, thereby providing energy. The level of glycogen in muscles remains constant since no breakdown of glycogen is required in case of external administration of glucose. The internal carbohydrates are utilized less frequently because of the presence of externally ingested glucose.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Conclusion

Thus, the P-value greater than 0.05 signifies that the external administration of glucose increase the glucose level in the blood and maintains the muscles’ glycogen level. The carbohydrate degradation also stops as energy is already provided by the external glucose.

Answer 12

Ch. 47.1 - Prob. 1R Ch. 47.1 - Prob. 2R Ch. 47.1 - Prob. 3R Ch. 47.1 - Prob. 4R Ch. 47.1 - Prob. 5R Ch. 47.2 - Prob. 1R Ch. 47.2 - Prob. 2R Ch. 47.2 - Prob. 3R Ch. 47.3 - Prob. 1R Ch. 47.3 - Prob. 2R

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Chapter 47 Solutions

Types of drinks ingested by athletes	Levels of muscle glycogen at the starting (0 hours)	Levels of muscle glycogen after 2 hours of cycling	Levels of muscle glycogen after 3 hours of cycling	Levels of muscle glycogen after 4 hours of cycling	Time taken by muscles to get fatigued (hours)
Flavored water) Place bo	163 ± 13	60 ± 9	37 ± 5	No data	3.02 ± 0.19
Glucose Solution	173 ± 11	71 ± 11	44 ± 12	39 ± 8 0	4.02 ± 0.33
	P = 0.27	P = 0.22	P = 0.30	P = 0.01